FMST 210 final

psychoanalytic theory

describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion ( your own thinking)

Behaviorist: operant conditioning

behaviour becomes more or less probable depending on its consequence

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

- people actively process information—
they think and they feel emotion—and their thoughts and feelings
influence their behavior

Cognitive Therory

Development and behaviour are the result of thought or cognition Thinking & info processing -> leads ot a better understanding of the world

Systems Theory

Emphasizes the role of social context in developmennt. We all exsist in the same contet but different to each individual. People are inseparable from the familkial, neibourhood, and societal contexts in which they live in

Maternal Characteristics and Behaviors - age

≥ 35 is considered high risk pregnacy, increases birth complication and risk of still born

Maternal Characteristics and Behaviors - Nutiriton

2k to 3k calories

Maternal Characteristics and Behaviors - Emotional well-being

stress during pregnacy is passd onto the baby -> affects growth

Prenatal care

crucial to all pregnat ppl. lack of prenatal care lead to low birth weight. poor relationship with health care system causes ppl to not seek for prenatal care

Physical Development in Adolescence - Contextual Influences on Pubertal Timing (nutirtion)

high fat % -> early menarchy
low fat % -> later menarchy

Physical Development in Adolescence - Contextual Influences on Pubertal Timing (stress)

Family with high family stress, victims of SA or abuse or high levels of anxiety can trigger early puberty

Physical Development in Adolescence - Contextual Influences on Pubertal Timing (SES)

low income ->poor nutrition -> early menarche in north america

Psychosocial Effects of Early Puberty girls

Age: Before 8
Thought of as outlier -> bullying, left out, sexsual harassment.
feel less positive about their bodies, physical appearance, and menstruation More likey to engae in sexual activites, increase sti, teen pregancy, termincation of pregnancy and drinking, smoking and drugs

Psychosocial Effects of Early Puberty boys

Age: Before 9
Tend to be athletic, popular with peers, school leaders, and confident. Likely to experience depression and anxiety when they judge their peer relationships as stressful. More likey to engae in sexual activites, increase sti, teen pregancy, termincation of pregnancy and drinking, smoking and drugs

Psychosocial Effects of late Puberty girls

Age: After 13
Positive effect on girls with regard to depression

Psychosocial Effects of late Puberty boys

Age: After 14
may experience more social and emotional difficultie.

Child Maltreatment - Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment - Parent Characteristics

Parents that perceive their child as stubborn and non-compliant (e..g toddlers learning to assert independence)
Parents have unrealistic expectations of children.
Poor impulse & problem-solving skills.
Parents that live in poverty and have high stress
Parents who abuse alcohol & drugs

Marijuana Use in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood - Common Substance

Average age of first use is 14. SIde effect on teens are more serve than alcohol. 24% repost using it in the last 3 months. Legalisation of weed didnt change the rate of use. Higher use in males, thought of as less risky.
more likely to drive with weed influence

Vygosky's Sociocultural Perspective - Guided Participation

More skilled partner is ajusteded to needse of th child and guides them accomplish more than they could do alone

Vygosky's Sociocultural Perspective - Zone of Proximal Development

The gap between a child's competence level and what she can do with assistence. The upper limit of this zone is what the child can accomplish with a skilled partner. For example, adults reading a book to a child tend to point to items, label and describe characters' emotional states,explain, ask questions, listen, and respond sensitively, helping the child understand challenging material that is just beyond what the child can understand on his or her own

The Flynn Effect

Over the last 100 year, IQ score went up by 33%. Mean of 100 stays the same as the average contiues rising.
1. ppl are finishing higher edu -> increase every 10 years of edu
2. life complexity increases over the years. technology challenges you to think more complexly
over 31 countries and 4 million ppl

Group and Contextual Differences in IQ – Socioeconomic Status

- Accounts for many ethnic differenes in IQ scores
-Different based on SES are not inborn
- No difference in babies of different race
-All attributes to ses
- Contributes to IQ through diffences in culture, nutrition, living conditions, school resources intellectual stimulation, and life circumstances

Phonology

Knowleedge of sounds used in a given language
- learning how to detect, discriminate and produce speech sounds. Everyone can make language sounds but may not be used in main language

Morphology

Understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words
- Infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways

Semantics

Meaning or content of words and sentences
-Growing volcabulary signals an increase in semantic knowledge
-attachting meaning/ context to words

Syntax

knowledge of the structure of sentences
- rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences
- In english subject +verb + object

Pragmatics

Understanding how to use language to communicate effectively
- ensure that what we are trying to communicate is expressed efficiently

Contextual Influences on Language Development – Poverty

-Less developed lanuage skills. know fewer words and produces shorted sentences, simplictic
-Less exposure to speech; lower ses exposes to 3 million less words
-lower quality parent-child interactions. High ses parents talk to their kids more, more supportive, they ask more questions -> practice suntax pragmatics
-low ses are more directive
-Increased household instability and disorder

Indriscirminating social responsiveness (birth to 2 months)

- reponds to anybody that meets their needs -> beginning of attachemnt
-prefere fimilar people connected to stranger warness

Discirminating Social respnsiveness (2 to 6-7 months)

Babies
begin to discriminate among adults and prefer familiar people.
Attachment responses are directed toward a particular adult or adults
who are best able to soothe the baby.

Attachments ( 7 - 24 months)

: Infants develop attachments
to specific caregivers who attend, accurately interpret, and
consistently respond to their signals. Infants can gain proximity to
caregivers through their own motor efforts, such as crawling.

Reciprocal Relationships (24–30 months and onward)

taking turns and initiating interactions within the attachment relationship. They begin to understand others’ emotions and goals and apply this understanding though strategies such as social referencing
- each person participates to maintain close relationship

Group and Contextual Differences in IQ – Ethnic Differences in IQ

- African americans tend to score 10-15 points below caucasion americans on iq test
-african american < Hispanic American < Caucasian American =< Asian American

Group and Contextual Differences in IQ – Edu

IQ scores are closely linked with education

The Information Processing System – Sensory Memory

- Holds incoming sensory6 inforamtion in its original form (hearing stuff but not always it is given importance or the attention to actually focus)
-Attention: Awareness of information (you hold onto smt u sense after giving it enough attention -> then its moved onto the working memory

The Information Processing System – Work Memory

Holds and processes information that is being “worked on”: manipulated, encoded, or retrieved

The Information Processing System – Long-term memory

- Unlimited store that holds information indefinitely
- can be moved to short term to combine new info with old info and then its sent back to long term

The Information Processing System – Work Memory (Central Executive)

Control processor that directs the flow
of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem-solving

The Information Processing System – Work Memory (Executive Function)

Cognitive process of understanding
information, making decisions, and solving problems

Information Processing in Adolescence – Decision Making – Risk-taking Behaviors

Risk-taking decisions- they know that they will be stimulated by doing that, do they often do take those decisions. 2 ways: - are most likely to respond and only focus on the positive feedback (yes dude do it) - not always sprout of the moment, pros and cos list, they will assume everything will just go fine. - Won’t make a rational decision on a. Situation that will stimulate its limbic system

Significance of a Secure Attachment – Adulthood – Securely Attached

Secure attachemnt -> Sense of trust -> form intimate relationship -> desire closness (build intimacy) -> become pareent that have children with secure attachemetn

Significance of a Secure Attachment – Adulthood – Insecurely Attached

Insecurely Attachment -> lack a sense of trust -> form a isolated relationship -> dont desire real true closness/ aren't open/ anxious about relationship

Self-Concept

• The way we describe ourselves
• Our assessment of our abilities, traits, and
characteristics
• The way we see ourselves – which may not be in line with how others see us
• Self-concept is an ever-changing process,
becoming more complex over our lifespa

Self-esteem

• Based on evaluation
• Feelings of self-worth, self-acceptance, and
self-respect
• Relies on cognitive development and a sense
of self that emerges over the course of
childhood

Identity Achievement

- Establishing a coherent sense
of self after exploring many possibilities
-who you are or who you want to be
- e.g carre aspriation, relationship aspiration, values & ideas

Identity Moratorium

Time-out period providing more freedom and autonomy than childhood but is without the full autonomy and responsibilities of adulthood (highschool and university)

Identity Diffusion

- Not having explored or committed to a sense of self
- a tendency to change jobs frequently or stay in a job for many years
- no goals or aspiration
-don't move forward in life

Identity Foreclosure

- Chosen an identity without engaging in exploration
- knew their identity since a young age (positive)
- continue family business; expected of you at a young age (negative)

Individual and Contextual Influences on Moral Reasoning – Gender Differences in
Moral Reasoning (Gilligan) – Care Orientation

-Desire to maintain relationships and responsibility not to cause harm to others
-women are more care orientated

Individual and Contextual Influences on Moral Reasoning – Gender Differences in
Moral Reasoning (Gilligan) – Justice Orientation

- Based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism
-could be based on dilema
- not based on ppl but the larger picture
-men are more justice orientated

Prosocial Behavior – Biological and Contextual Influences on Prosocial Behavior –
Parents and Other Caregivers

- having children do chores -> develop empathy
-family is a community
- understand your behaviour influences others
-helps children understand behaviour
-model caring behaviour

Discipline – Induction

• Parents model effective conflict resolution
• Focuses on behavior and not child’s characteristics
• Helps children internalize rules and standards

Androgyny

- Integrating masculine and feminine characteristics

Contextual Influences on Gender Development – Parents

– Different perceptions and expectations for each gender influences child based on the expectations they have.
– Encourage gender-typed behavior

Contextual Influences on Gender Development – Parents

Reinforce gender-typed behavior and criticize crossgender activities

The Maintenance of Gender – “Doing Gender” in Adult Relationships

Marketing a certain product to a specific gender. Such as marketing men specifc skin care as skin care is for women

Emerging Sexuality – Childhood Self-stimulation

-children self-stimulate as it feels good, not to reach orgasm
-some children dont do it as they have been told not to 3-4 years old

Teen Pregnancy – Protective Factors

-stable living enviroment
-involvemnet of baby daddy
-higher education
- acess to childcare

Sexual Activity in Adulthood Sexual Activity in Adulthood – Sexual Activity Is Highest in Young Adulthood

- duration of the relationship can override the age of participants (5-year-long relationships as a young adult will have less sex than a 1-year-old relationship of 50-year-olds)
-being healthy & having a partner are the top 2 reasons for sex in older people

Sexual Coercion/Sexual Assault – Contextual Influences

-hyperamasculinity -> increase rates of sexual assult
-people who are accused of sexual assult fall into:
1. pro athelete/ uni athelets
2. military
3. frats

Family Formation – Cohabiting Households – Statistics and Who Cohabits?

Statistics
-darastically increased by 35%
-without the 3 territoreis and Quebec the average is 16%
-Quecbec had as 40% average
Who?
-people with lower levels of income & education

Single-Parent Families – Children’s Experiences – Protective Factors

-reduce conflict between the 2 parents
-minimal change is best for the child

Lesbian and Gay Families – Children’s Experiences

-No difference from children raised in straight familes
-not more likely to identify as homosexual
-score higher in social competencey
-no gende division of labour at home -> children have less gendered atitute
-more acception of people in lgbtq+

Authoratitave outcome

-good decision making
-cooperative
-highest academic achiement out of the four
-more mature
-likely to ask parents for advice

Authoritarian outcome

-poor decision making (rarely allowed to make decision)
-poor conflict resolution skills
-poor communication skills (often shut down by parents)
-passive & confronting
-do poorer in school

Permissice/Indulgent

-lack impluse control
-poor at higher education
-lower maturity level
-less socially responsible

Indifferent outcome

-low academic achievement
-low social responsibilities
-behavioural problems
-early sexual/ criminal activities
- rejected by peers

Differences in Parenting Approaches –Concerted Cultivation

parents go out of their way to cultivate childs talent (scorrer mom, can afford to pay for ECA)

Differences in Parenting Approaches – Accomplishments of Natural Growth

-not cultivated, naturally developed
-more postive relatiion with extended family

Ineffective Forms of Discipline – Physical Discipline (Spanking) – Parents who Use
Physical Discipline

-Parent was spanked as a child
-typically younger in age or low SES
-typically stressed or easily angered
-single parent

Positive Parental Contributions

-use of authoritative parenting style
-good role model on how to have a loving relationship
-teaching children conflict resolution (younger children)
-let the resolve conflict when they get older

Negative Parental Contribution

-authoritarian parenting style
-indulgent -> self-absorbed child
-favouring one child over the other. Always going to be jealous and blame the other child

Socioemotional benefits of play

helps children explore social rules and conventions, promotes language skills, and is associated with social competence

Physical benefits of play

exercises children’s gross motor skills and helps them to develop muscle strength and control

Primary School – Social Promotion reason

- makes school & teacher look successful
-thinks kids will eventually catch uo
-believed it hurts self-esteem & sense of competence

Primary School – Social Promotion Outcome

Promoting students to the next grade, paired with interventions that target a student’s specific needs in class and at home, can help students achieve at grade level and beyond

Primary School – Grade Retension Reasons

-gives them time to catch up
-didnt meet academic standars/ socially & emotiobnally inmature
-high absenty rates
- belief an extra year of schooling will
produce successful academic outcomes

Primary School – Grade Retension Outcome

-tendency to miss school
-poor academic performance sometimes worse to social promotion kids
-2 times drop-out rate in secondary compared to social promotion
-affects them socioemotionally

Parental Influences on Vocational Choice

-Parents act as role models
-Parents share personality characteristics and abilities with their children and influence educational attainment, which in turn influences career choice
-SES and parents’ occupational fields influence career choice. high-SES households are more likely to receive career information from parents

Work-Life Balance – Paid versus Unpaid Work

-Straight couples -> hard time finding balance
-queer couples -> balance of unpaid work is better
-couples fight a lot regarding child care, chores, sex, money and in-laws

Mortality –Leading Causes of Death

Infant - genetic
Children & older - accidents
Worldwide - Accidents & low birth weigth (in babies)
Canada (in babies)- genetic abnormalities

Bereavement in Childhood – Usually Experience Grief for their Parent

-constantly wondering what it woudl be like if their parent was still there
-still have a lot of developmental growth need to do w/o parent's guidence