reversed definitions ch 13

digestion

mechanical and chemical processing of food in the gastrointestinal tract

extracellular compartment

general term for the fluid reservoir that exists outside cells

set point

the particular value of some internal parameter, such as temperature or weight, that the body's homeostatic mechanisms will maintain

obligatory losses

unavoidable losses of some essential component of the body to the environment

insulin

pancreatic hormone that stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen and promotes glucose utilisation by cells

homeostasis

maintenance of critical internal parameters, such as temperature, fluids and energy, at relatively constant values

thermoregulation

active process of regulating one's own temperature, by any method

bulimia

disorder characterized by cycles of gorging and purging

ectotherms

animals that regulate their internal temperature by collecting warmth from the environment

glucose

the most important sugar

osmosis

passive movement of molecules from one location to another

osmotic pressure

propensity of a substance to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmolality

the concentration of a solute in a solution

isotonic

name for a solution that has the same concentration of solute as a reference solution, which is often physiological saline

hypotonic

name for a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than a reference solution, which is often a physiological saline

hypertonic

name for a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than a reference solution, which is often physiological saline

hypovolemic thirst

Thirst that arises from a loss of both water and solutes

baroreceptors

cell specialized to detect changes in blood pressure

vasopressin

pituitary hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and also causes the kidneys to reduce their output of water

angiotensin II

hormone whose production is regulated by the kidney; it causes blood vessel constriction and triggers the release of vasopressin

set zone

The narrow range of values of some internal parameter, such as temperature or weight, which the body's homeostatic mechanisms will maintain

osmotic thirst

thirst triggered by a loss of water alone

nutrient

a food substance that is used for growth or cellular repair, but not energy

basal metabolism

the rate at which the body uses energy in order to carry out ongoing cellular processes, such as producing heat or action potentials

glycogen

a form of complex carbohydrate in which glucose is stored by the liver

glucagon

pancreatic hormone that stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose

aldosterone

adrenal hormone that reduces excretion of sodium by the kidney

adipose

fat tissue

glucodetector

A cell specialized for detecting levels of glucose in the body

negative feedback system

method of controlling some stat at a constant value, through the ongoing use of information from the body

neuropeptide Y, galanin, melanocortin

Peptide neurotransmitters that may contribute to hunger and that are suppressed by leptin

diabetes mellitus

disorder in which insulin secretion is decreased or abolished

cholecystokinin (CCK)

gut peptide that also functions as a neurotransmitter and that may or may not provide a satiety cue to the brain

endotherms

collective name for animals that regulate their internal temperature by producing warmth

hyperphagia

overeating

orexins

Novel class of neuropeptides that may stimulate hunger

anorexia nervosa

disorder involving severe dietary restriction

leptin

protein secreted by fat cells that may inform the brain about the fat composition of the body