Biodiversity Lab Practical 1

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163 Terms

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Binocular

Contains two eyepieces

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Compound

Contains two lenses: ocular lens and an objective lens

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Interpupillary distance

distance between the two eyepieces

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Field of view

circle of light that is shown when you look through the eyepieces

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Resolving nosepiece

Piece that connects three objective lenses

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Head

Supports the ocular and objective lens systems

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Stage adjustment knobs

Used to mechanically move the stage side to side and front to back

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Coarse focus adjustment knob

used to lower and raise the stage to bring the specimen to view

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Condenser lens

focuses the light from the light source through the specimen

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Depth of field

A measure of the thickness of a specimen under a given magnification

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Stereoscopic microscope

Used to view large, relatively thick specimens in three dimensions

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Working distance

The distance between the stage and the objective lens

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Symbiotic

close associations and living with other organisms

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Kingdom Monera

members are single-celled organisms

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Mordant

A substance that combines with stain and thereby fixes in a material

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Antibiotic

chemicals produced by or derived by certain fungi that can destroy/inhibit the growth of microorganisms

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Antiseptic

substances used to control the growth and reproduction of disease-causing microorganisms on living tissue

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Disinfectant

Agents used to control bacterial growth on inanimate objects

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Zone of inhibition

area around the disks were no growth occurs

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Where are bacteria found?

Bacteria can be found in nearly every habitat

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What conditions favor bacterial growth

Bacteria can grow in environments that are extremely hot or cold, have high or low pHs or salinites, and even places with little or no oxygen

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Compound light microscope

a binocular microscope that contains an internal light used to illuminate specimens; organisms are usually small or in thin slices

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Monocular

Contains one eyepiece

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Ocular lens

First of two sets of lenses in the compound microscope; has a magnification of 10x

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Objective lens

Second set of lenses in the compound microscope

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Scanning Lens

Smallest lens; has a magnification of 4x

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Arm

Piece of the microscope used to carry the microscope and for support

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Stage

Where the slides are placed

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Fine focus adjustment knob

Used to fine-tune the focusing

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Iris diaphragm

adjusts the amount of light reaching the speciment

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Lamp

light source for a compound light microscope

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Base

the support system for the microscope and contains the light source

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Mirror

The light source for a stereoscopic microscope; reflecting light present within the room

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Wet mount

Used to view living specimens under a compound or stereoscopic microscope

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How do you make a wet mount

Place a drop of DI water on the center of a slide. Put a drop of the specimen onto the DI water. Next place a coverslip onto the outer edge of the water drop at a 45 degree angle.

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What happens to the field of view when you increase the magnification?

The field of view decreases

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Total Magnification

Magnification of the ocular lens X Magnification of the objective lens

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What is the proper way to carry the microscope

With two hands; one on the arm and the other of the base

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What are four differences between the compound light microscope and the stereoscopic microscope?

1. CLM uses a lamp for the lightsource, whereas SM uses a mirror.

2. CLM has 4 lenses, SM has 1 lens\

3. CLM is used for smaller, thinner organisms; SM is used for larger thicker organisms.

4. CLM uses slides, SM can use slides or petri dishes

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Bacteria

tiny, single-celled prokaryotic organisms

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Autotrophic

can produce food molecules inorganically by using light or chemically based sources of external energy

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Heterotrophic

rely on external sources for their nutrition

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Prokaryotic

bacteria and other organisms that do not possess a nucleus

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Eukaryotic

Organisms that contain cells where a nucleus is present

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Peptidoglycan

A large protein that makes the cell wall of bacteria

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Binary fission

When a cell duplicated and divides into two cells identical to the parent cells. Often occurs with bacteria.

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Domain

classification broader than Kingdom

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Cyanobacteria

often called "blue green algae"; can occur as single-celled or in a colony; aquatic photosynthesizers; actually related to bacteria; sometimes nitrogen fixers

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Cocci

Spherical shape of bacteria

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Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria

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Spirillia

Spiral-shaped bacteria

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Gram-positive

Contains cell walls that are rich in peptidoglycan and have no outer lipopolysaccharide layer

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Gram-negative

Contains more complex cell walls that contain less peptidoglycan and an outer lipopolysaccharide later.

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Phagocytosis

process where food particles are taken into the cell when an intracellular vesicle is formed from the plasma membrane

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Mixotrophic

when an organisms uses a combination of photosynthesis and Phagocytosis to obtain food

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Flagella

long appendages that help a protist cell move

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Cilia

short appendages that help a protist cell move

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Pseudopodia

Cytoplasmic extensions protists use to move

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Endosymbiosis

Process where protist would take in other cells that would then function as endosymbionts before eventually becoming organelles

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tests

also called shells

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axopodia

long, slender pseudopodia that extend through pores in the test

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Kinetoplasts

an organelle containing DNA not in the nucleus of the cell

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Cystosome

also called the mouth of the ciliates

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Macronucleus

One type of nuclei that is responsible for the sythesis of DNA and RNA; responsible for asexual reproduction

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Micronucleus

One type of nuclei that is responsible for the synthesis of DNA only; only involved in genetic variation through conjugation

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Trichocyst

A long thread like structure discharged from just under the surface

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Sporozoites

Sporozoans that spread from one host to another

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Apicoplast

non-photosythetic plastid that synthesizes fatty acids

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Merozoites

Enter bloodstream, invade red blood cells, and reproduce asexually

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Multinucleanated

Have multiple nuclei; without cell walls

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Aggregation

random collection of cells

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Fruiting bodies

structures on a stalk formed when slime molds aggregate

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Paramylon

Storage molecular

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Red tides

phenomenon that can cause massive fish killings and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

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Pennate

oblong shaped diatoms

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Centric

Circular shaped diatoms

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Diatomaceous Earth

formed from fossils collectively

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Fucoxanthin

brown pigment that gives brown algae its color

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Thallus

seaweed body

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Holdfast

rootlike structure that anchors the seaweed to the ocean floor

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Stipe

stem-like structures

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Blades

leaf-like structures

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Algin

polysaccharide extracted from brown algae

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Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin

Pigments that gives red algae their reddish color

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Agar

Make up the cell walls of red algae; Used to culture the bacteria

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Carageenan

Make up the cell walls of red algae; commonly found in toothpaste, icecream, and chocolate milk

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What are the three modes of locomotion in protists

Flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia

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What are the three phyla containing amoebas?

Phylum Rhizopoda, Phylum Actinopoda, and Phylum Foraminifera

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What differentiates the Phylum Rhizopoda, Actinopoda, and Foraminifera?

Phyum Rhizopoda does not have shells; Phylum Actinopoda have mostly internal shells made of silicon dioxide; Phylum Foraminifera have mostly external shells made of calcium carbonate.

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Phylum Actinopoda

Protist that has internal test made of silicon dioxide; locomotion: axopoda; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: uni-cellular; representative organism: Radiolarians

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Phylum Rhizopoda

Protist that has no shells; locomotion: pseudopodia; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: multi-cellular; representative organism: Amoeba proteus

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Phylum Foraminifera

Protists that has external tests made of calcium carbonate; locomotion: pseudopodia; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: multi-cellular; representative organism: foraminifera

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Phylum Kinetoplastida

Also referred to as Phylum Mastigophora; kinetoplasts; locomotion: flagella; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: unicellular; representative organisms: Trypanosoma.

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Trypanosoma brucei

Kinetoplastid responsible for African sleeping sickness

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Phylum Oomycota

Contains water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews; no chloroplasts; locomotion: two flagellas; nutrition: heterotroph

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Phylum Ciliophora

Macro and micro nucleus; locomotion: cilia; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: unicellular; representative organism: paramecium

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Phylum Apicomplexa

Strictly parasitic, spread from one host to another as sporozoites; no true means of locomotion; nutrition: apicoplast synthesizes fatty acids; representative organism: Plasmodium-transferred by mosquitoes causes maleria

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Where does plasmodium live?

Lives in the liver and blood cells of its host

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Phylum Myxogastrida

Also called Phylum Myxomycota; plasmodial slime molds; called plasmodium when it is a multi-nucleated mass (vegetative and reproductive stages); representative organism: Physarum

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Phylum Dictyostelida

Also called Phylum Acrasiomycota; cellular slime molds; unicellular during vegetative stage; only aggregate when there is no food; pseudoplasmodium