Biodiversity Lab Practical 1

Binocular

Contains two eyepieces

Compound

Contains two lenses: ocular lens and an objective lens

Interpupillary distance

distance between the two eyepieces

Field of view

circle of light that is shown when you look through the eyepieces

Resolving nosepiece

Piece that connects three objective lenses

Head

Supports the ocular and objective lens systems

Stage adjustment knobs

Used to mechanically move the stage side to side and front to back

Coarse focus adjustment knob

used to lower and raise the stage to bring the specimen to view

Condenser lens

focuses the light from the light source through the specimen

Depth of field

A measure of the thickness of a specimen under a given magnification

Stereoscopic microscope

Used to view large, relatively thick specimens in three dimensions

Working distance

The distance between the stage and the objective lens

Symbiotic

close associations and living with other organisms

Kingdom Monera

members are single-celled organisms

Mordant

A substance that combines with stain and thereby fixes in a material

Antibiotic

chemicals produced by or derived by certain fungi that can destroy/inhibit the growth of microorganisms

Antiseptic

substances used to control the growth and reproduction of disease-causing microorganisms on living tissue

Disinfectant

Agents used to control bacterial growth on inanimate objects

Zone of inhibition

area around the disks were no growth occurs

Where are bacteria found?

Bacteria can be found in nearly every habitat

What conditions favor bacterial growth

Bacteria can grow in environments that are extremely hot or cold, have high or low pHs or salinites, and even places with little or no oxygen

Compound light microscope

a binocular microscope that contains an internal light used to illuminate specimens; organisms are usually small or in thin slices

Monocular

Contains one eyepiece

Ocular lens

First of two sets of lenses in the compound microscope; has a magnification of 10x

Objective lens

Second set of lenses in the compound microscope

Scanning Lens

Smallest lens; has a magnification of 4x

Arm

Piece of the microscope used to carry the microscope and for support

Stage

Where the slides are placed

Fine focus adjustment knob

Used to fine-tune the focusing

Iris diaphragm

adjusts the amount of light reaching the speciment

Lamp

light source for a compound light microscope

Base

the support system for the microscope and contains the light source

Mirror

The light source for a stereoscopic microscope; reflecting light present within the room

Wet mount

Used to view living specimens under a compound or stereoscopic microscope

How do you make a wet mount

Place a drop of DI water on the center of a slide. Put a drop of the specimen onto the DI water. Next place a coverslip onto the outer edge of the water drop at a 45 degree angle.

What happens to the field of view when you increase the magnification?

The field of view decreases

Total Magnification

Magnification of the ocular lens X Magnification of the objective lens

What is the proper way to carry the microscope

With two hands; one on the arm and the other of the base

What are four differences between the compound light microscope and the stereoscopic microscope?

1. CLM uses a lamp for the lightsource, whereas SM uses a mirror.

2. CLM has 4 lenses, SM has 1 lens\

3. CLM is used for smaller, thinner organisms; SM is used for larger thicker organisms.

4. CLM uses slides, SM can use slides or petri dishes

Bacteria

tiny, single-celled prokaryotic organisms

Autotrophic

can produce food molecules inorganically by using light or chemically based sources of external energy

Heterotrophic

rely on external sources for their nutrition

Prokaryotic

bacteria and other organisms that do not possess a nucleus

Eukaryotic

Organisms that contain cells where a nucleus is present

Peptidoglycan

A large protein that makes the cell wall of bacteria

Binary fission

When a cell duplicated and divides into two cells identical to the parent cells. Often occurs with bacteria.

Domain

classification broader than Kingdom

Cyanobacteria

often called "blue green algae"; can occur as single-celled or in a colony; aquatic photosynthesizers; actually related to bacteria; sometimes nitrogen fixers

Cocci

Spherical shape of bacteria

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria

Spirillia

Spiral-shaped bacteria

Gram-positive

Contains cell walls that are rich in peptidoglycan and have no outer lipopolysaccharide layer

Gram-negative

Contains more complex cell walls that contain less peptidoglycan and an outer lipopolysaccharide later.

Phagocytosis

process where food particles are taken into the cell when an intracellular vesicle is formed from the plasma membrane

Mixotrophic

when an organisms uses a combination of photosynthesis and Phagocytosis to obtain food

Flagella

long appendages that help a protist cell move

Cilia

short appendages that help a protist cell move

Pseudopodia

Cytoplasmic extensions protists use to move

Endosymbiosis

Process where protist would take in other cells that would then function as endosymbionts before eventually becoming organelles

tests

also called shells

axopodia

long, slender pseudopodia that extend through pores in the test

Kinetoplasts

an organelle containing DNA not in the nucleus of the cell

Cystosome

also called the mouth of the ciliates

Macronucleus

One type of nuclei that is responsible for the sythesis of DNA and RNA; responsible for asexual reproduction

Micronucleus

One type of nuclei that is responsible for the synthesis of DNA only; only involved in genetic variation through conjugation

Trichocyst

A long thread like structure discharged from just under the surface

Sporozoites

Sporozoans that spread from one host to another

Apicoplast

non-photosythetic plastid that synthesizes fatty acids

Merozoites

Enter bloodstream, invade red blood cells, and reproduce asexually

Multinucleanated

Have multiple nuclei; without cell walls

Aggregation

random collection of cells

Fruiting bodies

structures on a stalk formed when slime molds aggregate

Paramylon

Storage molecular

Red tides

phenomenon that can cause massive fish killings and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

Pennate

oblong shaped diatoms

Centric

Circular shaped diatoms

Diatomaceous Earth

formed from fossils collectively

Fucoxanthin

brown pigment that gives brown algae its color

Thallus

seaweed body

Holdfast

rootlike structure that anchors the seaweed to the ocean floor

Stipe

stem-like structures

Blades

leaf-like structures

Algin

polysaccharide extracted from brown algae

Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin

Pigments that gives red algae their reddish color

Agar

Make up the cell walls of red algae; Used to culture the bacteria

Carageenan

Make up the cell walls of red algae; commonly found in toothpaste, icecream, and chocolate milk

What are the three modes of locomotion in protists

Flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia

What are the three phyla containing amoebas?

Phylum Rhizopoda, Phylum Actinopoda, and Phylum Foraminifera

What differentiates the Phylum Rhizopoda, Actinopoda, and Foraminifera?

Phyum Rhizopoda does not have shells; Phylum Actinopoda have mostly internal shells made of silicon dioxide; Phylum Foraminifera have mostly external shells made of calcium carbonate.

Phylum Actinopoda

Protist that has internal test made of silicon dioxide; locomotion: axopoda; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: uni-cellular; representative organism: Radiolarians

Phylum Rhizopoda

Protist that has no shells; locomotion: pseudopodia; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: multi-cellular; representative organism: Amoeba proteus

Phylum Foraminifera

Protists that has external tests made of calcium carbonate; locomotion: pseudopodia; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: multi-cellular; representative organism: foraminifera

Phylum Kinetoplastida

Also referred to as Phylum Mastigophora; kinetoplasts; locomotion: flagella; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: unicellular; representative organisms: Trypanosoma.

Trypanosoma brucei

Kinetoplastid responsible for African sleeping sickness

Phylum Oomycota

Contains water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews; no chloroplasts; locomotion: two flagellas; nutrition: heterotroph

Phylum Ciliophora

Macro and micro nucleus; locomotion: cilia; nutrition: heterotroph; level of organization: unicellular; representative organism: paramecium

Phylum Apicomplexa

Strictly parasitic, spread from one host to another as sporozoites; no true means of locomotion; nutrition: apicoplast synthesizes fatty acids; representative organism: Plasmodium-transferred by mosquitoes causes maleria

Where does plasmodium live?

Lives in the liver and blood cells of its host

Phylum Myxogastrida

Also called Phylum Myxomycota; plasmodial slime molds; called plasmodium when it is a multi-nucleated mass (vegetative and reproductive stages); representative organism: Physarum

Phylum Dictyostelida

Also called Phylum Acrasiomycota; cellular slime molds; unicellular during vegetative stage; only aggregate when there is no food; pseudoplasmodium