American history test 1b

test

on the eve of the Civil war the American indians in the west still occupied about

50 percent of the United States

one of the worst massacres committed by white troops in the Indian war occurred

in 1864 at Sand Creek

one reason a relative handful of Indians could hold off the battle-hardened Civil War veterans of the U.S. Army was

that the Indians were superb guerilla warriors the best cavalry soldiers in the world

the government’s administration of Indian affairs was notable over the years for

its level of corruption

The ability of the Indians to resist white expansion was severely damaged

by the destruction of the buffalo

in comparison to its human resources, the natural resources of the nation in the late nineteenth century

were even more ruthlessly and thoughtlessly exploited

One result of the gold and silver rushes of the late nineteenth century was an

improved financial position for America in world trade

in the decades following the Civil War, the Plains states west of the Mississippi became known as the

“breadbasket” of America

Transcontinental railroads used their zone of “indemnity” lands to prevent

homesteading along the railroad

the discovery that cattle could feed on the prairie grasses of the public domain of the northern plains led to the

development of open-range ranching

What made ranching in the American West so profitable was that the

rising demand for beef in the nation’s cities pushed up prices

Barbed wire destroyed the open-range cattle industry becouse it

prevented the free movement of cattle

in the late nineteenth century, jay Gould, Henry Villard, and James J.hill

organized complex, transcontinental railroad lies

by the end of the nineteenth century, U.S. industrial capacity dwarfed both

Great Britain’s and Germany’s

Following the Civil War, most southern railroad systems were controlled by

Northern capitalist

technological changes in the petroleum industry in the late nineteenth century

occurred rapidly and put a premium of refining efficiency

the relationship between competition and monopoly in American industry during the post-Civil War era is

deflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to concentration

From 1873 to 1893 the economy was characterized by

intense competition for markets

John D. Rockefeller’s success was due primarily to

his talents as an organizer and his meticulous attention

As industry expanded, Americans came to view economic regulation as a way to

release human energy and expand market opportunities

Most Americans reacted to the growth of huge industrial and financial organizations and the increasing complexity of economic relations

by fearing monopoly and welcoming new consumer goods

In The Cooperative Commonwealth, Laurence Gronlund provided the first serious attempt to

explain the ideas of Karl Marx to Americans

The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 challenged the

philosophy of laissez-faire

The Homestead Strike pitted

private police against steelworkers near Pittsburgh

Workers were prompted to walk out in the Pullman strike when George Pullman’s Palace Car Company had

cut wages but did not reduce rent in its company

most middle-class families of the late nineteenth century lost some of

the reforming zeal and moral fervor they typically had before the Civil War

Middle-class families in the late nineteenth century became smaller because

woman married later in life and practiced

Working women in the late nineteenth century were often hired as salespersons in department stores because

managers considered them easier to control than men

industrial workers in the late nineteenth century lacked

a sense of solidarity despite their large numbers

States were in charge of immigration until the

1890s

One of the causes that eventually led to restrictions on immigration was the

social Darwinists, fears that immigrants would undermine American “racial purity

The “new” immigrants from eastern and southern Europe settled in

in ethnic neighborhoods in the urban centers

By the end of the nineteenth century, the Chicago River had virtually become an

open sewer due to the strain on the city’s sanitation system

As a result of the high price of urban real estate,

architects began to build upwards

Walter Camp played a major role in

establishing football as a major sport

Social Gospelers believed the church should focus on

improving the lives of the poor, ending child labor, and regulating the power of big corporations

Jane Addams was the founder of

Chicago’s Hull House

by the 1890s, most Americans responded to the changes of industrialization and urbanization by

continuing to be optimistic and uncritical admirers of American civilization

Rote learning and strict discipline were central to

the pedagogy of American teachers prior to the 1890s

johns Hopkins became the leader in graduate education by

modeling itself after universities in Germany

Members of the institutionalist school of economics such as Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons thought that

actual industrial conditions should be studied with practical social reform as a goal

According to German educator Johann Friedrich Herbart,

good teaching called for psychological insight and imagination

The broader implication of John Dewey’s philosophy on education was that

schools were to build character and good citizenship as well as convey knowledge

At the turn of the century, the field of education was

marked by optimism

In his thesis, Frederick Jackson turner argued that

the frontier gave Americans their unique character

in works like the Gross Clinic, American painter Thomas Eakins captured the

realism of the new scientific age

The careers of Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins Suggest that the American environment in the late nineteenth century

was not inhospitable to first-class artists

Although he had almost no formal training, Winslow Homer is considered

a master because of his brilliant watercolors

Pragmatism encouraged

materialism

The Chautauqua movement illustrated the popular desire for

new information in the late nineteenth century

Bison were essential to the

culture, religion, and sustenance of the Plains Indians

The United States treated each tribe as a

separate sovereign nation

In 1887, the government tried a new strategy toward the Plains Indians

forcing the Native Americans on reservations to become farmers

The distinction between “treaty Indians” and “nontreaty Indians”

shifted almost from day to day

General George A. Custer’s greatest mistake at Little Bighorn was that he

grossly underestimated the number of Indians

In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act which was intended

persuade Indians to abandon their traditional tribal cultures

Most of the wealth from the mines in the West went into the

pockets of large mining corporations

The Homestead Act of 1862 offered Western settlers

160 acres if they they turned the land into a farm

The frontier farmers of the 1870 and 1880s farmed the land

with little knowledge or concern for preventing erosion or preserving fertility

The ability to finance the building of the railroad with money from federal land grants caused the operators to

be extravagant and sometimes even corrupt

Open-range ranching in the late nineteenth century

required control of a stable water supply

Open-range catttle raising was virtually ended by the combination of the

drought of 1886 ad the blizzards of 1886-1887

The “conquest of the frontier” was a way to evade the destructive consequences of

national policies by making them seen to be an expression of human progress

in the 25 years after the Civil War is true

Railroads were probably the most significant driver of American economic development

The Bessemer process directed a stream of air into a mass of molten iron which

help produce much cheaper steel

Alexander Graham Bell’s interest in deaf education led

to the invention of the telephone

Intense competition among railroads caused

financial instability and increased the chances of an economic downturn

The first giant corporations, capitalized in the hundreds of millions of dollars

were interregional railroad systems

The major development in retailing during the late 1800s was the

growth of huge urban department stores

What William Graham Summer meant he said “it’s root, hog, or die”

was that the key to survival and a healthy society is self-reliance

Granger-controlled legislatures to

regulate railroad rates

The Sherman Antitrust Act was drastically limited by the Supreme Court in

United States v. E. C. Knight company

In the case of U.S. v. E. C. knight Company, the United States Supreme Court ruled

that the American Sugar Refining Company had not violated the federal commerce clause

The dramatic labor troubles of 1877 were more

violent and destructive than any previous strike in America

As a result of the centralization and concentration of industry in the late nineteenth century, efficiency increased in industries where

close coordination of output, distribution , and sales was important

in general, skilled industrial workers were usually well-off as a result of

late nineteenth-century industrialization

one result of late-nineteenth-century development was

that the personal contact between employer and employee tended to disappear

In the late 1800s society, the gap between

rich and poor was growing

American public education after 1870 changer steadily in response to the

many social and economic changes of the era

Before 1882, Americans restricted almost no one from

immigrating to the united States

The urban ethnic neighborhoods of the late nineteenth century

were crowded and unhealthy

Urban transportation was revolutionized and urban development was redirected in the 1880s by

electric trolley

One result of the streetcar in America was that cities expanded their geographical area enormously as the

upper and middle classes fled city centers

Late-nineteenth-century spectator sports were notable for the

upper and working-class interests

Roman Catholic Church leaders, settlement house workers like Lillian Wald soon discovered that

practical problems absorbed most of their efforts

The response of American intellectuals such as Walt Whitman and Henry Adams to the new industrial civilization was that they denounced it as leading to the

worship of money and material success

In 1869, Harvard introduced the elective system and took the lead in reforming

higher education in the Gilded Age

Change in higher education came like a floodtide with the

proliferation of state universities

The Morrill Act land-grant university system was

coeducational from the start

Due to the increase in both the number of alumni, in the late nineteenth century American higher education increased its focus on

social activities, fraternities, and organized athletic with winning teams

At the turn of the century, the new academic interest in the development of institutions and their interactions with each other drew scholars out of their

academic isolation and into practical affairs

The educator John Dewey insisted that education was the fundamental method of

social progress

The importance of Frederick Jackson Turner’s work its encouragement of the

study of social and economic subjects

Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn

offered a sympathetic portrait of a slave

Late-nineteenth-century naturalist writers such as Stephen Crane portrayed

humans as mere animals in a merciless Darwinian world

Whistler’s Mother is the best described as

spare and muted in tone

According to William James, religion is true because

people are religious, making religion true

One of the problems with pragmatism was that seemed to suggest

that the end justified the means

publishers in the nineteenth century turned to

lowering cultural and intellectual standards appealing to emotions to appeal to the masses