Forensic Anthropology 175 Exam #1

Proximal

Towards body/head

Distal

Away from body/head

Dorsal

Back side

Ventral

Belly side

Cranial

Towards the head

Caudal

Towards tail

Saggital

Divides body into left and right halves

Coronal (frontal)

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique

anything not perpendicular to the other planes

Skeletal system includes:

Bones

Cartilage

Tendon

Ligaments

Teeth

Bones in adult skeleton

206

Axial

head and tunk

Appendicular

limbs

Cranial

head

Postcranial

everything other than the head

Composite bone

Collagen fibers and Hydroxyapetite

Organic function

mechanical toughness

Inorganic function

mechanical hardness

Types of bones

Compart/cortical, spongy/Trabecular, articular/subchondral

Compact is

dense

Trabecular

bone that is porous, flexible, low mineral content; usually on the inside of bones

Subchondral

joint surfaces

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

Diaphysis contains

red and yellow marrow

What is Hematopoiesis in the epophysis?

The production of blood cells

Periosteum

covers outer surface of bone

Endosteum

covers inside portion of compact bone

Articular cartilage

replaces periosteum where bone meets

Long bones are

compact bone with two ends

Short bones are

cube-like and spongy

Flat bones are

usually curved bones with sandwiched spongy layer

Irregular bones

Vertebrae, skull, hips

Sesamoid

small and round

Skull

cranium and mandible

Features of the skill

orbits, anterior nasal aperture, zygomatic arch

How many bones are in the skill?

22

Neurocranium includes

frontal, parietal, temporal w/ 6 ear ossicles, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

Sagittal suture

midline between two parietal bones

Coronal suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

Lambdoidal suture

between occipital and parietal bones

Squamosal suture

between temporal and parietal bones

Metopic suture

-Obliterated by 7 to 8 years of age

-Approximately 8% of adults retain metopic trace

-can be mistaken as fracture on x-rays

Supraorbital margin (frontal)

rim of bone that outlines upper margins of the orbits

Supraorbital tori (frontal)

arch of bone above the orbits

Glabella (frontal)

Smooth area between the eyes

Frontal sinus

cavity within the frontal bone that allows for vocal resonance

Bregma (P)

Intersection of Coronal & Sagittal Sutures

Parietal eminence

lateral "bulges" used for sex estimation

Meningeal grooves (P)

impressions of middle meningeal artery, useful for siding

External auditory meatus (T)

ear canal

Zygomatic process (T)

a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma

Mandibular fossa (T)

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

Mastoid process (T)

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Squamous portion

flat; above ear

Petrous portion

raised portion on top section of skull towards bottom, contains middle ear processes

Tympanic cavity

air-filled space containing auditory ossicles

Malleus

hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Incus

anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Stapes

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

External occipital protuberance

bump on back of head

Nuchal lines (O)

neck muscle attachment points

Occipital condyles

articulate with first cervical vertebra

Foramen magnum (O)

the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

sutural (wormian) bones

extra bones that develop in skull suture lines

Sphenoid

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

Sella turcica

Sphenoid bone feature

Greater wing

Sphenoid bone feature

Lesser wing

Sphenoid bone feature

Superior orbital fissure

Sphenoid bone feature

Foramen ovale

Sphenoid bone feature

Foramen rotundum

Sphenoid bone feature

Optic canal

Sphenoid bone feature

Ethmoid

helps to connect neurocranium with splanchnocranium

Crista galli

ethmoid bone feature

Perpendicular plate

Ethmoid bone feature

Middle nasal concha

ethmoid bone feature

Superior nasal concha

Ethmoid bone feature

Zygomatic bone

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek

Frontal process

Zygomatic feature

Temporal process

zygomatic bone, where it connects to temporal bone

Maxillary process

zygomatic feature

inferior/lateral orbital margin

zygomatic feature

Maxilla

upper jaw bone

alveolar process(M)

tooth bearing bone

Anterior nasal spine (M)

a sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anterior and inferior portion of the nasal cavity

frontal process (infraorbital foramen)

Little holes

Palatine process (M)

forms the anterior portion of the hard palate (roof) of the mouth also forms parts of the nasal cavity and eye orbits

Maxillary sinus

largest paranasal sinus; pyramidal; on cheek bone lateral to nasal bone

Nasals

bridge of nose

Lacrimal

smallest bone, forms medial orbital wall

Inferior nasal conchae

The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.

Vomer

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum and divides nasal cavity

Palatine

the other 1/3 of the palate, part of nasal cavity

Mandible

lower jaw

Ramus

An extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

Horizontal ramus (corpus)

horizontal part of the mandible

Mandibular condyle

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Mental eminence

a triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible