ap psych development unit

what is developmental psychology?

the idea that we constantly evolve in stages throughout our lives

what is piaget’s 1st stage?

• 0 to 2 y/o

• sensorimotor stage: developing object permanence

• learns through senses and actions (i.e., putting stuff into mouth)

what is piaget’s 2nd stage?

• preoperational stage: start using language/symbols around them, but logic in underdeveloped

• 2 to 7 y/o

• egocentrism is at an all time high (thinking everyone thinks like them)

• struggle with conservation (water glass experiment) → focus on 1 dimension

what is piaget’s 3rd stage?

• concrete operational stage: thinking logically (mathematically) about things

• 7 to 11 y/o

• understands conservation

what is piaget’s 4th stage?

• formal operational: develops abstract and hypothetical thinking

  • moral issues, “what ifs,” ideas, etc.

• scientific reasoning

• 12 y/o to adulthood

erikson’s stages

1. trust vs. mistrust (0-1 y/o): reliance on parents/caregivers

2. autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3 y/o): developing independence in tasks

3. initiative vs. guilt (3-6 y/o): take initiative & develop confidence or become shy

4. industry vs. inferiority (7-11 y/o): develop confidence or inferiority in competence

5. identity vs. confusion (12-18 y/o): experiment with & develop your identity

6. intimacy vs. isolation (19-29 y/o): get into relationships and start loving

7. generativity vs. stagnation (30-64 y/o): contribute to society (volunteering)

8. integrity vs. despair (65 onward): reflecting on your life

authoritarian parent

• high control, little wwarmth

• lays down rules and expects obedience without discussion

• “dictator”

authoritative parent

• high control, high warmth

• set rules and enforce them with an explanation

permissive parent

• low control, high warmth

• punish infrequently, make few demands

• accept their child’s behavior (good OR bad behaviors both)

neglectful parent

• low control, low warmth

• meet the physical needs such as clothing, foods, etc.

• avoids becoming emotionally involved

lawnmower parents

parents that have a strong desire to protect their kids from obstacles

• “mow over” any problems their child faces

associative learning

certain events occur together; two stimuli or response and consequence

observational learning

• when we observe and replicate

• mirror neurons in the frontal lobe are responsible for this

what is the bobo doll experiment an example of? (albert bandura)

observational learning → kids mirrored aggression/submissiveness

operant conditioning

learning through rewards and punishments (actions are associated with consequences)

positive reinforcers

increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimulus (rewards)

• giving money, praise, high-fives, etc.

negative reinforcers

reducing behaviors by avoiding a negative stimulus

• key word: “avoid”

• not a punishment

• putting on sunscreen, seatbelt, doing homework, etc.

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior. the ultimate goal is to completely get rid of the behavior

positive punishment

• spanking, speeding ticket, etc.

• you “get” something

negative punishment

• withdraw from stimulus

• time-out, priveleges being revoked

  • something is being “taken away”

fixed interval

after a fixed amount of time passes, the behavior is reinforced

variable interval

after a random amount of time, the behavior is reinforced

fixed ratio

after a set number, the behavior is reinforced

variable ratio

after a random number of occurences, the behavior is reinforced

classical conditioning

when a neutral stimulus is converted into an anticipated event

• bell ringing, alarms, etc.

• dog salivation

• studied by pavlov and watson