BCS 242 Exam 4

What is Anoxic Brain Injury?

Complete absence of oxygen.

What is Hypoxic Brain Injury?

Reduction in oxygen supply.

What are the environmental causes of Hypoxic Brain Injury?

Reduced oxygen in blood, inadequate blood flow (ischemia), and difficulty metabolizing oxygen by brain tissue.

Which brain structures are most vulnerable to structural damage from hypoxia?

Hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and other areas.

What cognitive symptoms were reported by Caine and Watson (2000) in their study?

54% memory disturbance, 46% personality and behavioral changes, and 31% visuospatial/visual recognition problems.

What are common motor issues associated with Anoxic Brain Injury?

Parkinsonism, dystonia, paralysis, and myoclonus.

What are the mechanisms of injury leading to Anoxia?

Cardiac failure, respiratory failure, anesthesia, near drowning, and self-hanging attempts.

How long can the brain survive without cerebral blood flow before losing consciousness?

20 seconds.

What happens after 3-5 minutes of no cerebral blood flow?

Glucose reservoir is consumed.

What is the outcome after 5-8 minutes of no cerebral blood flow?

Permanent neuronal lesions.

What is the difference in functional outcomes between patients with ABI and TBI according to Cullen & Weisz (2011)?

Patients with ABI found to have worse functional outcomes relative to patients with TBI.

What are some mechanisms of injury leading to Hypoxia?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sleep apnea, carbon monoxide poisoning, anemia, high altitude, smoke inhalation, and toxic substances.

What is the hallmark symptom of oxygen deprivation in the brain?

Memory impairment.

What was the condition of Mr. Y upon admission for hypoxic encephalopathy?

PEA arrest due to self-hanging.

What was Mr. Y's score on the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT)?

44, indicating impairment.