Unit 2 - College Bio

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

elements

a substance that cannot be broken down into a smaller substance by ordinary chemical mass

how many naturally occurring elements are there?

92

CHNOPS

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

makes us 95% of the body weight of an organism

atoms

smallest part of an element that displays the properties of an element

atomic symbol

1-2 letter designation for an element

atomic number

the # of protons of an element

mass number

number of protons and neutrons combined

atomic mass

the average of all the isotopes of an element

isotopes

different atomic mass, same protons, diff neutrons

octet rule

stability from a full outer shell (typically 8 electrons)

molecules

when two or more elements bond together

compound

when two different elements combine

formula

indicates the number and kind of each element in a compound

ionic bonding

bonding where there is a strong attraction between positive and negative ions

covelent bonding

bonding where sharing occurs

non polar covelent bond

when sharing is equal

polar covelent

when sharing is not equal

hydrogen bond

attraction of slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity, not unique to water

__most important molecules for life__

what would happen if there were no hydrogen bonds?

freeze at -100C

boil at -91C

all water on earth would be steam

calorie

amount of heat energy needed to raise 1g of water 1 degree C

does water have a low or high heat of vaparization?

yes, and it allows animals to release excess heat

solution

mixture that contains a solute dissolved in a solvent

(combo of solute and solvent)

solute

substance that is being dissolved

ex: sugar, salt

solvent

substance doing the dissolving

ex: water

hydrophilic

attract water

hydrophobic

repel water

cohesion

ability of water molecules to adhere to one another

adhesion

ability of water molecules to cling to polar surfaces

surface tension

a force which causes a layer of liquid to behave like an elastic sheet

ex: water - has high values of it

what temperature is water most dense at?

4C

acidic solutions

disassociate in water and release H+

below 7 on pH scale

basic solution

either take H+ or release OH-

buffer

chemical combination that keeps pH in normal limits

what pH is out blood at?

7\.4

carbon

chemistry of all living things based on carbon

always covelent bond for organic molecules

functional groups - definition

a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way

functional groups - listing

hydroxyl R-OH (alcohol)

carbonyl R-COH

carboxyl R-COOH (acid)

amino R-NH2 (makes up proteins)

sulfhydryl R-SH (bad strong smell)

phosphate R-PO4H2

synthesis

formation of a new compound

hydrolosis

big molecules are broken down by adding water

monosaccharides

only a simple sugar

glucose

a hexose or 6 carbon sugar

ribose

a pentose or 5 carbon sugar

disaccharide

contain 2 monosaccharides joined during a dehydration reaction

ex: sucrose - a combo of glucose and fructose

polysaccharide

polymers of monosaccharides

usually used for short term energy storage

structural polysaccharide

cellular in plants and chitin in animals

cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrates

lipids

insouluable in water

used for long term energy storage in animals

phospholipid

component of plasma membranes

waxes

protection, prevents water loss

saturated fats

no double bonds and have as many hydrogens as they can

glycerol

a 3 carbon compound with 3 OH groups

triglycerides

containing fatty acids with unsaturated bonds

melts at lower temp

phospholids

like fat except the third fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group

unsaturated fat

double binds

steroids

have skeletons of four fused carbon rings

differ by which function groups is attached

ex: testosterone, estrogen

waxes - more in depth

long chain of fatty acid with long chain of alcohols

solid at room temp

hydrophobic (hence why they serve as protection)

metabolism (protein)

specific temp and pH

support (protein)

structural

transport (protein)

ex: hemoglobin

defense (protein)

antibodies

regulation (proteins)

hormones

motion (proteins)

muscle

peptides

short chain of two or more amino acids connected by bonds (or peptides)

what are protein monomers called?

amino acids

amino acid

combines to form the basis for all levels of protein structure

primary structure

defined by gene indicates the sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

when a polypeptide could or folds into a particular way

tertiary structure

the folding that results in the final 3-D shape of a polypeptide globular proteins

quaternary structure

consists of more than in polypeptide

chaperone proteins

these help new proteins fold into their proper shape.

misshaped proteins

alzheimer’s and cystic fibrosis are associated with them

mad cow

prions

polymer

large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks

DNA

* one type of nucleic acid that both stores information about copying and replicating but also specifies the order in which amino acids make a protein.

RNA

multiple uses

m-RNA

* carries a message or a temporary copy of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence during protein synthesis. ( messenger RNA)

t-RNA

* translates the sequence of nucleic acids for the correct sequence in protein synthesis ( transfer RNA)

r-RNA

* works as an enzyme to form peptide bonds (ribosomal RNA)

coenzymes

* non protein organic molecules that help regulate enzymatic reactions (vitamins)

DNA and RNA structure

* made of a pentose sugar
* phosphate
* nitrogen base

nitrogen bases in DNA are…

cytosine C

thymine T

guanine G

adenine A

nitrogen bases in RNA are…

cytosine C

uracil U

guanine G

adenine A

nitrogen bases bonding

A always bonds with T

C always bonds with G

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

ADP

adenosine diphosphate