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What are the four major types of tissue?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

What is a tissue?

A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

What is the main function of Epithelial Tissue?

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, sensing.

Describe the structure of Simple Squamous Epithelium.

Flat and thin, single layer.

What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium?

Secretion, diffusion, and filtration.

Where is Simple Squamous Epithelium found?

Air sacs of the lungs and capillaries.

Describe the structure of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium.

Single layer, cube-shaped cells.

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

Secretion and absorption.

Where is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium found?

Lining of kidney tubules and covering surface of ovaries.

Describe the structure of Simple Columnar Epithelium.

Single layer, long cells.

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Secretion and absorption.

Where is Simple Columnar Epithelium found?

Lining of digestive tract and uterus.

What is unique about Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

It is multi-layered and functions in protection.

Where is Stratified Squamous Epithelium found?

Lines body cavities such as the mouth and esophagus.

Describe Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium.

Appears stratified but is a single layer with nuclei at various levels.

What is the function of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

Secretion and ciliary action.

Where is Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium found?

Lining air passages like the trachea and reproductive tubes.

Describe Transitional Epithelium.

Thick, layered cuboidal cells that are stretchable.

Where is Transitional Epithelium found?

In the urinary bladder.

What are Exocrine Glands?

Glands that secrete substances like saliva and sweat to the surface.

What are Endocrine Glands?

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid).

What are the main functions of Connective Tissue?

Binds structures together, provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection.

What are the three common types of connective tissue cells?

Mast cells, macrophages, fibroblasts.

What are collagenous fibers?

Strong, flexible fibers found in tendons and ligaments.

What are elastic fibers?

Not as strong but very elastic fibers found in lungs and blood vessels.

Describe Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar Tissue).

Binds skin to underlying organs and organs to organs providing support and cushionning

Describe Adipose Tissue.

Stores fat, provides protective cushion and insulation to preserve body heat.

Describe Fibrous Connective Tissue.

Thick collagenous fibers and elastic fibers with few cells and poor blood supply.

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

A type of cartilage that covers ends of bones and provides support.

Where is Elastic Cartilage found?

In the external ear and larynx.

Where is Fibrocartilage located?

Between vertebrae, providing tough shock absorption.

What are the three types of Muscle Tissue?

Skeletal (voluntary), Smooth (involuntary), Cardiac (involuntary).

Where is Skeletal Muscle found?

Attached to bones for voluntary movement.

Where is Smooth Muscle found?

In hollow organs like the stomach and intestines.

Where is Cardiac Muscle found?

In the wall of the heart.

What is the main cell type in Nervous Tissue?

Neurons transmit signals.

What are Neuroglia?

Support cells found within nervous tissue that provide protection and support.

What are the three main layers of skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer).

What are Keratinocytes?

The main cell type in the epidermis that produces keratin.

What are Melanocytes?

Cells in the epidermis that produce melanin, giving skin its color.

What is melanin?

A pigment that gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.

How does sunlight affect melanin production?

It stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, leading to tanning.

What is the function of cilia on epithelial cells?

To sweep debris and materials along surfaces (e.g., in respiratory tract).

Compare Cilia and Microvilli.

Cilia move materials while microvilli increase surface area for absorption.

Define Basement Membrane.

A thin layer that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.

How do you compare Loose Connective Tissue to Dense Connective Tissue?

Loose connective tissue has fewer fibers and more ground substance, while dense connective tissue has thick fibers and less ground substance.

Describe Adipose Tissue's function.

Specialized connective tissue that stores fat for energy and insulation.

Compare Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage.

Hyaline provides support, Elastic allows flexibility, Fibrocartilage absorbs shock between vertebrae.

Which muscle tissues are voluntary?

Skeletal muscle is voluntary. Smooth and Cardiac muscles are involuntary.

Which muscle tissue moves bones?

Skeletal muscle moves bones.

Which muscle tissue is found in the gut wall?

Smooth muscle is found in the gut wall.

Which muscle tissue is found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.

Which type of cartilage pads the ends of bones?

Hyaline cartilage pads the ends of bones.

Which type of cartilage is found between vertebrae?

Fibrocartilage is found between vertebrae.

List general functions and locations for each tissue type.

Epithelial: covers surfaces (skin)

How do cilia and microvilli differ in structure/function?

Cilia are hair-like structures that move materials

Describe matrix components and their functions in connective tissue.

Matrix contains ground substance, collagen fibers (strength), elastic fibers (flexibility), macrophages (immune response), fibroblasts (produce fibers).

What are mast cells' role in connective tissue?

They release chemicals like histamine during inflammatory responses to help fight infection or injury.

How does skin color provide evidence of human evolution?

Variations in melanin production reflect adaptation to UV exposure in different environments over time.