heart/pulse rate and respiratory rate

heart rate

defined as the number of heart beats per minute

pulse rate

reflect the heart rate (the rate of the ventricular contractions of the heart) of a healthy person

pulse

is a wave of blood created by the left ventricular contraction

normal resting heart rate (RHR)

defined as the number of heart beats per minute when the body is at rest, would always vary from person to person. It is the heart pumping the lowest amount of blood that a person needs because there is no any physical or strenuous activity

100-160

A newborn can even have a heart rate from __ beats per minute

stimulants, ephedrine, and cocaine; beta-blockers

Some drugs such as __ can increase the heart rate, while some drugs such as __ can decrease the heart rate.

temporal

(pulse) superior and lateral to the eyes

facial

(pulse) near the TMJ area

carotid

(pulse) side of the neck

apical

(pulse) apex of the heart (infants)

brachial

(pulse) medially in the antecubital fossa

radial

(pulse) wrist (thumb side)

femoral

(pulse) along the inguinal ligament

popliteal

(pulse) behind the knee

posterior tibial

(pulse) medial surface of the ankle

dorsalis pedis

(pulse) dorsal of the foot

60-100 bpm

The normal heart rate for an adult

pulse rhythm

refers to the pattern and the interval between beats

pulse volume

refers to the fullness and the force of the pulse beat

bradycardia

Heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute is termed as __

tachycardia

the heart rate higher than 100 beats per minute is termed as __

respiratory rate, or breathing rate

defined as the number of breaths per minute when the body is at rest.

respiratory rate

it provides the number of movements indicative of inspiration and expiration per unit time.

Respiration

refers to the inhalation and exhalation of air in order to exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide, which in turn the former is needed for the oxygenation of blood.

ventilation

refers to the movement of the air in and out of the lungs

hyperventilating, hypoventilating

When a patient is __, the air moves faster in and out of the lungs, producing very deep and rapid respirations. If the patient, on the other hand, is __, the air moves slower in and out of the lungs, producing very shallow respirations.

Costal or Thoracic Breathing

This type of breathing is characterized by outward, upward movement of the chest. This chest breathing is usually utilized during heavy and vigorous activities of the body and is commonly used by adults.

Diaphragmatic or Abdominal Breathing

This type of breathing utilizes the dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity which is the diaphragm. It involves the contraction and relaxation of this muscle for ventilation to occur

Clavicular Breathing

This type of breathing is uncommon and is only significant when maximum air is needed.

Clavicular Breathing

It utilizes the clavicles or collar bones which are pulled up at the end of maximum inhalation, expanding the upper lungs. This is common for patients with asthma or chronic bronchitis.

12-20 breaths per minute

normal respiratory rate for adults

30-50 breaths per minute

newborns can have a respiratory rate ranging from ___

bradypnea

A respiratory rate lower than 12 breaths per minutes is considered as __

tachypnea

abnormally slow breaths, while respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute is considered to be __

apnea

nonexistence of breath (e.g. during sudden cardiac arrest) is technically termed as __