spring apush

Great america desert

Great america desert

Refers to the misconception prevalent in the mid-19th century that a vast desert existed in the Great Plains region of the United States.

silver rush

Periods of rapid mining activity focused on silver deposits.

sam houston

American soldier and politician

aroostak war

Conflict between British settlers and the Mi'kmaq people in Maine

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Agreement between the United States and Britain resolving boundary disputes.

john tyler

Tenth President of the United States.

54 forty or fight

Slogan used by expansionists advocating for US control of the Oregon Territory.

James K Polk

Eleventh President of the United States.

Franklin Pierce

Fourteenth President of the United States.

Bear Flag republic

Short-lived, unrecognized state in California during the Mexican-American War.

Gadsden purchase

Acquisition of land from Mexico by the United States.

Kanagawa treaty

Agreement between the United States and Japan.

free soil movement

Political movement opposing the expansion of slavery into new territories

conscious whigs

Faction within the Whig Party.

hunker democrats

Faction within the Democratic Party.

barn burners

Faction within the Democratic Party.

lecompton constitution

Proposed constitution for Kansas.

Lewis Cass and popular sovereignty

American statesman and Democratic presidential nominee in 1848.

Stephen A. Douglass

American politician, leader of the Democratic Party, and key figure in the Senate.

Millard Fillmore

Thirteenth President of the United States.

Crittendon Compromise

Proposed constitutional amendments aimed at resolving the secession crisis by protecting slavery in certain territories.

James Buchanan

Fifteenth President of the United States.

Dred Scott v sanford

Landmark Supreme Court case.

John Brown and Harpers Ferry

Abolitionist who led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia).

Sociology of the south

The sociology of the South refers to the study of social structures, norms, and behaviors unique to the Southern region of the United

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

Morill land act grant

Legislation passed in 1862 by Congress.

Fort sumter

Federal fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.

Bull run

Site of two major battles during the American Civil War, also known as the Battles of First Bull Run and Second Bull Run.

Scott’s Anaconda plan

Military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott to blockade the south during the American Civil War.

Antiedam

I Bloodiest single-day battle in American history, fought during the Civil War.

54 massachusetts regiment

Union infantry regiment composed primarily of African American soldiers.

copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and called for peace negotiations with the Confederacy.

laird rams

Ironclad warships built in England for the Confederate States during the American Civil War.

civil rights act of 1875

Federal law aimed at guaranteeing equal access to public accommodations and prohibiting discrimination in jury selection.

civil rights act of 1875

Definition: Legislation invalidating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and declaring that the 14th Amendment only applied to state actions, not private discrimination.

Significance: Struck down key provisions of the 1875 Act and weakened federal efforts to combat racial discrimination.

Gould and credit mobiles

Jay Gould, a prominent railroad tycoon, and Credit Mobilier, a construction company associated with the Union Pacific Railroad.

Gould vs vanderbilt

Rivalry between two prominent railroad tycoons, Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt.

boss tweed

William M. Tweed, a powerful political boss in New York City's Tammany Hall political machine.

Thomas nast

Influential political cartoonist during the 19th century.Known for his satirical and biting caricatures that exposed corruption, particularly targeting figures like Boss Tweed.

panic of 1873

Financial crisis triggered by the collapse of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company and subsequent stock market crash.

RB Hayes

19th President of the United States.

compromise of 1877

Political agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden.

wade davis bill

Congressional legislation proposed in 1864 as a more stringent plan for Reconstruction than President Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan.

tenure office act

Legislation passed by Congress in 1867, restricting the president's ability to remove certain officeholders without Senate approval.

Scalawags

Term used to describe Southern whites who supported Reconstruction policies and the Republican Party.

Hiram revels

First African American to serve in the United States Senate.

Force acts

Series of laws passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871 to combat Ku Klux Klan violence and protect the civil rights of African Americans.

amnesty act of 1872

Legislation passed by Congress that granted amnesty to most former Confederates.

Gould and watering stock

Jay Gould, a financier and railroad tycoon, engaged in the practice of "watering stock," which involved inflating the value of railroad company assets by issuing excessive stock.

Rebates

Refunds or discounts offered by businesses, particularly railroads, to favored customers or shippers

pools

Agreements among competitors, typically in industries like railroads, where companies would collaborate to fix prices, divide markets, or control production.

interlocking directorates

Practice where individuals serve on the boards of directors of multiple companies, creating connections between those companies.

J.p. morgan and panic of 1893

Prominent financier and banker during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, known for his role in consolidating and restructuring industries.

sherman silver purchase act

Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1890 to increase the amount of silver purchased by the government.

bessemer process

A method for mass-producing steel using a blast furnace to remove impurities from iron ore.

Thomas A edison and M Park

Thomas Alva Edison, often referred to as Thomas Edison, established his famous research laboratory known as "Menlo Park" in New Jersey in the late 19th century. Menlo Park was the site of many of Edison's most significant inventions, including the phonograph and the first practical incandescent light bulb.

interstae commerce commission

Regulatory agency established by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

hay market bombing

Incident that occurred during a labor protest in Haymarket Square, Chicago, on May 4, 1886.

Knights vs federation of labor

One of the largest and most influential labor organizations in the late 19th century. A federation of trade unions formed to promote the interests of skilled workers

S Gompers

American labor leader and co-founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

E Debs

Founded the American Railway Union (ARU) and helped organize several significant labor strikes, including the Pullman Strike of 1894.

Horatio Alger Myth

A literary and cultural trope popularized by Horatio Alger Jr., a 19th-century American author.

Vaqueros

Spanish or Mexican cowboys, particularly those who worked on ranches in the American West.

little big horn

Site of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand.

Ghost dance

Spiritual movement among Native American tribes in the late 19th century

new south

Concept promoted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to describe a vision of economic modernization and industrialization in the Southern United States.

Tuskegee institute

Historically black university founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881.

1883 civil rights case

The 1883 Civil Rights Cases refer to a group of five cases that were collectively decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1883. These cases arose out of challenges to the Civil Rights Act of 1875

Grange movement

Also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, it was a farmers' organization founded in 1867.

munn v illinois

Landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1877. Upheld the power of states to regulate private industries that serve the public interest, such as railroads and grain elevators.

Ocala platform

A set of political and economic demands adopted by the Farmers' Alliance at its national convention in Ocala, Florida, in 1890.

turners thesis

Also known as the Frontier Thesis, it was proposed by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893.

tammany hall

The Democratic Party political machine that dominated New York City politics for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

city beautiful movement

Urban planning and architectural movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

jane adams

Social reformer, settlement house pioneer, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

NAWSA

Leading suffrage organization in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

WCTU

Women's organization founded in 1873 dedicated to promoting temperance and social reform.

Mary cassatt

American Impressionist painter known for her portraits, particularly of mothers and children.

FL wright

American architect and designer, widely regarded as one of the greatest architects of the 20th century.

Barnum and bailey

Famous American circus company founded by P.T. Barnum and James Anthony Bailey.

“rum, romanism, rebellion

used by a speaker at a Republican rally in 1884, referring to three perceived vices associated with the Democratic Party

“waving the bloody shirt around

Refers to exploiting memories of the Civil War, particularly by politicians, to gain political advantage or rally support.

solid south

Term referring to the political dominance of the Democratic Party in the Southern United States from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century.

Stalwarts

Faction within the Republican Party during the late 19th century.

Half breeds

Faction within the Republican Party during the late 19th century.

Mugwumps

Faction within the Republican Party during the late 19th century.

J garfield

20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881.

CA arthur

21st President of the United States, serving from September 19, 1881, to March 4, 1885.

pendleton act

Passed in 1883, it established the United States Civil Service Commission and implemented merit-based hiring practices for federal government positions.

G cleveland

22nd and 24th President of the United States, serving non-consecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897.

Mckinly Tax

Enacted in 1890 under President William McKinley's administration.

panic of 1873

Triggered by the collapse of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company and exacerbated by over-speculation in railroad construction and other industries

Bland Allison Act

Enacted in 1878 during the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes.

Billion dollar congress

Refers to the session of the United States Congress in 1889-1891

B harrison

23rd President of the United States, serving from 1889 to 1893.

coxleys army

A protest march of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey in 1894.

WJ Bryan and Cross of gold

Delivered by Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention.

gold big democrats

Faction within the Democratic Party during the late 19th century.

election of 1892

Presidential election held during a period of economic depression in the United States.