Principles of Biomedical Sciences 1st Semester Final

vital signs

measurements of some of the body’s basic functions.

pulse oximeter

measures oxygen saturation

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff

stethoscope

listens to stuff like ur heart and lungs

ophthalmoscope

handheld device used to examine the eye

otoscope

a tool with a light and magnifying glass, to look inside the ear and nose

hematocrit (HCT)

The proportion of red blood cells in the blood.

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells. (bad)

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream and transporting it to the liver. (good)

plasma

the fluid part of blood

metabolism

all of the chemical reactions and operations going on inside the body

hormones

chemical signals that help communicate information inside your body.

electrolytes

minerals found in your blood, urine, and other tissues.

glucose

simple sugar that the body uses for energy

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine

waste products filtered out of blood by the kidneys.

biomarkers

signals in the blood that may indicate risk for disease or the presence of disease or injury.

referral

a written order from a primary care doctor for a patient to see a specialist or to get a particular medical service

erythrocyte

scientific name for red blood cell

leukocytes

scientific name for white blood cell

thrombocytes

platelets scientific name

How many cells produced in mitosis?

2

How many cells produced in meiosis?

4

Are mitosis cells identical?

Yes

Are meiosis cells identical?

no

How many cell divisions take place in mitosis?

1

How many cell divisions take plane in meiosis?

2

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

Somatic cells

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

Gametes

Homeostasis

Your body’s ability to maintain stability

Recessive

Both parents must carry or have the disease for a child to get it.

Allele

Variation of a gene (F or f)

Genotype

Allele combination (FF, Ff, ff)

Phenotype

Physical characteristics

Homozygous

FF or ff

Heterozygous

Ff

Restriction Enzymes

DNA scissors. Cut DNA into fragments known as RFLPs

Karyotype

An organized picture of your chromosomes.

Metaphase

Homologous CS line at middle

Prophase

Chromosomes pair up, nucleus disappears

Anaphase

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

Telophase

2 cells are formed

Transcription

Reads the DNA and turns it into mRNA, first step

Nucleus

Where transcription happens

mRNA

Messenger RNA

Translation

Reads the mRNA codons and turns into proteins

codon

a sequence of three RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid

Ribosome

where translation happens

tRNA

Transfer RNA

Structure of DNA

Double helix

Structure of RNA

Single stranded

Protein

Chain of amino acids

AUG

Start

UGA, UAA, UAG

Stop

Mutation

an alteration in the DNA sequence

Substitution

genetic mutation where one nucleotide in a DNA sequence is replaced with another nucleotide

insertion

when one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence

deletion

mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA

DNA bases

A,T,C,G

DNA sugar

Deoxyribose sugar

RNA Sugar

Ribose sugar

RNA bases

A, U, C, G

centromere

constricted point of the chromosome

chromatids

two genetically identical copies attached at the centromere

mitosis

process in which a cell's nucleus splits into two, creating two identical daughter cells with the same DNA as the parent cell

meiosis

cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, in sexually reproducing organisms

interphase

preparing step, replicates its DNA

prophase

first step, separates duplicated genetic material

metaphase

second step, chromosomes condense and align in the center of a cell

anaphase

thrid step, chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of a dividing cel

telephase/cytokinesis

last step, the chromosomes decondense and a nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes

RNA POLYMERASE

Enzyme used in transcription. Converts DNA to mRNA

chromosome

DNA condensed and packaged. Your somatic Cells contain 46, where your sex cells contain 23.

protein synthesis

Creating a protein using a DNA template. Involved two stages: Transcription and Translation

amino acid

Molecules that combine to form proteins. There are 20 total.