reading quiz #9: revolutions in the atlantic

from hiemler's history videos for units 5.1-5.2

Nationalism

A sense of unity among people who share language, culture, religion, or history, often leading to a desire for self-rule.

Why Nationalism was New (1750–1900)

Before this period, empires ruled many different peoples; now people believed one culture should form its own nation.

Government Use of Nationalism

States promoted nationalism through schools, rituals, military service, and language to create unity.

Russian Language Policy

Russia required the Russian language to unify its empire, but it caused resistance.

Counter-Nationalism

Resistance that forms when a group reacts against imposed nationalism, such as in Ukraine, Poland, and Finland.

Discontent with Monarchy

Widespread anger toward absolute monarchs due to taxes, lack of rights, and authoritarian rule.

Global Rejection of Authority

Revolutions occurred worldwide as people resisted imperial and centralized power.

Safavid Empire decline

New taxes caused rebellions that weakened the Safavid Empire, leading to its collapse.

Wahhabi Movement

A religious reform movement that challenged Ottoman authority and contributed to Ottoman decline.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, natural rights, and new political ideas.

Popular sovereignty (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)

The idea that political power belongs to the people, not rulers. (in the Social Contract)

Natural Rights (John Locke)

Rights all humans are born with, including life, liberty, and property.

Social Contract (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)

The idea that governments exist to protect people’s rights and only rule with consent.

Democracy

A system of government where people participate through voting.

Liberalism

An ideology supporting civil rights, representative government, private property, and economic freedom.

Atlantic Revolutions

Revolutions influenced by Enlightenment ideas that occurred around the Atlantic Ocean.

American Revolution (1776)

Colonists rebelled against British taxes and control, creating the United States.

Cause of American Revolution

New taxes after the Seven Years’ War and Enlightenment ideas.

“Declaration of Independence”

Document that argued for natural rights and popular sovereignty.

Result of American Revolution

Creation of the United States as a republic and a model for future revolutions.

French Revolution (1789 - before American Revolution)

Revolution that overthrew the French monarchy and established a republic.

Cause of French Revolution

Debt from wars, absolutism, and Enlightenment influence.

“Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”

Document asserting natural rights and equality under the law.

Haitian Revolution (1791)

Enslaved people revolted against French rule and slavery.

Leader of Haitian Revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture.

Result of Haitian Revolution

Haiti became the first Black republic and ended slavery.

Latin American Revolutions

Creole-led revolutions that ended Spanish and Portuguese rule in the Americas.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas who led Latin American revolutions.

Peninsulares

Europe-born elites who held the highest political power in colonies.

Cause of Latin American Revolutions

Enlightenment ideas, resentment of peninsulares, and Napoleon’s invasion of Spain.

Simón Bolívar

Leader of Latin American independence movements.

Letter from Jamaica

Bolívar’s writing supporting popular sovereignty and self-rule.

Result of Latin American Revolutions

Independent nations formed, mostly with republican governments.

Philippine Propaganda Movement

Educated elites spread Enlightenment and nationalist ideas through writing.

Cause of Philippine nationalism

Education in Europe exposed Filipinos to Enlightenment and nationalist ideas.

Result of Philippine Propaganda Movement

Spanish repression led to the Philippine Revolution.

Italian Unification

Nationalist movement that united many small Italian states into one nation.

German Unification

Nationalist movement that united fragmented German states into one country.

National unification

Process where nationalism leads to the creation of a single nation-state.

Effect of nationalism

Weakened empires and created new nation-states.

Mary Wollstonecraft

"A Vindication of the Rights of Women", Equal Education for All

Thomas Hobbes

wrote Leviathan, strong gov. ensures orderly society

Montesquieu

"The Spirit of Laws", separation of powers

John Locke

"Two Treaties of Gov.", gov. should protect natural rights of citizens

Voltaire

Freedom of Speech/Thought/Ideas, against absolute monarchy & church