Lab 7: Hematology

define hematology

the study of blood

cell fragments are also known as...

cell platelets

t/f we use human blood to study the properties of blood

false... we used sheeps blood

what are whole cells?

red blood cells and white blood cells

what is a hematocrit?

the ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the total blood volume.

t/f heparin is a coagulant

False.. heparin is a ANTI-coagulant

[this means heparin stops blood from clotting]

what is the hematocrit volume for males?

40-54%

what is the hematocrit volume for females?

37-47%

what are red blood cells also called?

erythrocytes

what is a hemocytometer and what does it do?

it is a special microscope slide that helps facilitate the counting of individual RBC's

what are hemoglobins?

they are the oxygen-carrying component of the red blood cells.

what are the three components of a hemoglobin?

protein + globin + 4 hemes = hemoglobin

what is a 'heme' and what does it do?

-it is a pigment molecule (gives blood it's red color)
-each heme has 1 Fe molecule and can bind to 1 oxygen molecule

what is the function of hemoglobins?

it serves as a vesicle for oxygen to be transported around the body

what is it called when the oxygen-carrying capcity of the blood is reduced?

'anemia'

[think.. without hemoglobin, then is no iron (Fe)... anemic people need iron]

what is a hemoglobinometer?

a device that measures hemoglobin content

(Measured by quantifying the intensity of the red color of blood // bc hemoglobin gives blood its color)

what are the units of a hemoglobinometer?

grams of hemoglobin/ 100ml of blood (g/dL)
OR
grams percent (gm%)

what is the hemoglobin percentage in adults?

12gm% to 18gm%

what does MCV stand for and what does it do?

MCV = mean corpuscular volume and it measures the volume of an erythrocyte (aka RBG)

what is does MCHC stand for and what does it do?

MCHC= mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and it measures the concentration of hemoglobin

when used together, what do MCV and MCHC do?

help determine if someone is anemic.

Deficiency in what three things cause anemia?

Iron, Vitamin B12 and folic acid (B9)

what diseases cause anemia?

Bone marrow disease, hemolytic diseases (etc. sickle cell)

what is the formula for MCHC?

hemoglobin (g/dL) x 100 / hematocrit

what is the formula for MCV?

Hematocrit x 10 / RBC count (millions per mm3 blood)

what are the three different types of anemia?

Macrocytic, normocytic-normochromic, micro-hypochromic

describe macrocytic anemia

[mcv/mchc values and the cause of anemia]

MCV greater than 94 // MCHC is normal
cause: folic acid (B9) and B12 deficiency

[think macro = lots]

describe normocytic-normochromic anemia

[mcv/mchc values and the cause of anemia]

MCV and MCHC are normal

causes: acute blood loss, hemolysis and/or bone marrow damage

describe microcytic anemia

[mcv/mchc values and the cause of anemia]

MCV and MCHC both low

Causes: inadequate iron

What causes blood clotting?

a complex array of chemical pathways and cellular activity

what are 'Antigens' and what do they do?

they are cell surface markers and they determine different blood types

What are the 4 blood types?

-A
-B
-O
-AB

what is the term of when two different blood types combine and cause blood clots?

agglutination

name type types of antigens

-A
-B
-Rh

What antibody does Type A blood have?

Type A is Anti B

What antibody does Type B blood have?

anti-A

What antibody does Type O blood have?

anti-A AND anti-B

What antibody does Type AB blood have?

no antibody

[can accept any type of blood and is known as 'universal acceptor']

Where are full/empty tubes of blood disposed?

[soft, bleach or biohazard?]

soft

where are glass slides/pipettes disposed?

[soft, bleach or biohazard?]

bleach

where are Gauze, hemocue slides, and blood type trays disposed in?

[soft, bleach or biohazard?]

softs

where are large soft waste like gloves disposed in?

biohazard

where are diluted blood for RBC count disposed in?

chemical waste container in hood

what method is used to visualize and quantify different types of white blood cells?

white blood cell differential (WBC Differential)

the formula (Hb x 100)/hematocrit is used to determine what?

MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

which white blood cells can be identified by it's blue bi-lobed nucleus and large, red orange granules?

eosinophil

which dietary deficiency can lead to anemia?

B, C and D vitamins

what blood type is known as the universal acceptor?

type AB

t/f: in microcytic anemia, red blood cells are smaller than normal

true

[think micro = smaller]

which blood cells secrete histamines in inflammatory reactions?

basophil

t/f: the clumping reaction that occurs when there are incompatible blod types is called aggultination

True

what process keeps blood in the vessels by repairing breaks?

hemostasis

[think... hemo = blood, stasis= keeping normal]

what is another name for red blood cells?

Erythrocytes

t/f: oxygen is transported in the blood

true

reduced oxygen caring capacity of the blood is called

anemia

t/f: the average red blood cell is called mean corpuscular volume

true

cell fragments are called what?

Platelets

what are the 5 types of white blood cells?

-Neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes
-lymphocytes

[think.... NELBM ('nelbum')]

Characteristics of Neutrophils

-multi-lobed nucleus
-pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
-make up 50-70% of WBC

Characteristics of Eosinophils

-Bi-lobed
-red cytoplasmic granules
-make up 1-6% of WBC

Characteristics of Basophils

-bi-lobed nucleus
-purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
-make up .05% of WBC

Characteristics of Monocytes

-move from blood to tissues where they will then be called "marcophages"
-large cells
-kidney-shaped nucleus
-pale cytoplasm

Characteristics of Lymphocytes

- two kinds (b lymphocytes and T lymphocytes)
-large spherical nucleus
-thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
-small to medium sized cell

Function of Neutrophils

phagocytose bacteria

[phagocytose surround then destroy and then remove bacteria from blood]

Function of Eosinophils

Destroy parasites

[think E= eat, you consume parasites]

Function of Basophils

cause vasodilation

[think Baso =Vaso]

Function of Monocytes

phagocytose bacteria

Function of lymphocytes

B cells produce antibodies to bacteria and viruses.
T cells attack infected cells and cancer cells

Oxygen binds to what specific thing in hemoglobins?

oxygen bonds to iron in hemoglobin

how many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry?

4

What cause hypochromic anemia to occur?

a decrease in iron

what does microcytic anemia cause and how does it occur?

- causes smaller RBC [micro = smaller]
-caused by decrease in iron

why is important o have enough iron in our diet?

hemoglobins can only function with iron

describe thrombin

enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

Describe Fibrin

a protein that comprises threats in the blood clot

what is the difference between antigen and anti bodies?

antigens determine blood type and are on the the surface
antibodies are inside the blood and respond to antigens

why is it dangerous to give a person with type A blood, type B blood

Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, thus making the blood aggluinate