active and passive transport

passive transport

no energy needed

active transport

energy needed

movement of passive transport

along concentration gradient

movement of active transport

against concentration gradient

in passive transport, substances diffuse from...

high to low concentration

in active transport, substances are....

pushed from low to high concentration

types of passive transport (3)

simple diffusion (osmosis), ion channes, facilitated diffusion

types of active transport (3)

protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

what do ion channels allow ions to do?

diffuse through transport proteins

what does ion diffusion depend on?

concentration and electrical charges

does the cell cytoplasm typically have a slightly negative or positive charge?

slightly negative

facilitated diffusion

carrier proteins transport specific substances such as amino acids and sugars DOWN their concentration gradients

protein pumps

carrier proteins pump molecules from low to high concentration

endocytosis

much less concentrated on outside than inside of cell (substance goes in)

how does endocytosis work? (2)

encloses substances into a vesicle within cell membrane/lysosome fuses with vesicle and substance brought in is broken down and released into cytoplasm

what are 2 types of endocytosis?

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

pinocytosis

endocytosis of liquids

phagocytosis

endocytosis of solids

how do contractile vacuoles contract and help parameciums bail water out of the cell?

using ATP

exocytosis

secretion or export from the cell

how does exocytosis work?

vesicle from golgi apparatus breaks off and brings substance outside of cell membrane

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance across a space

equilibrium

concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space

hypertonic solution

causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis

hypotonic solution

causes a cell to swell because of osmosis

ion channel

transport protein through which ions can pass

carrier protein

protein used to transport specific substances

sodium-potassium pump

carrier protein used in active transport

receptor protein

binds to a signal molecule, enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule

second messenger

acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasm

light microscope

living and nonliving specimens

TEM

cannot view living specimens, used to see fine detail of organelles

SEM

3D images, cannot view living specimens

sodium-potassium pump 2

transports 3 sodium ions out of a cell, and 2 potassium ions into the cell

2 reasons why sodium-potassium pump is important

accumulated sodium ions could burst cell/helps maintain sodium and potassium concentration gradients