Biology CSUCI Norris Exam 3/4 2024

Virus

Extremely Small

Not living

Non-cellular

No metabolism

Cannot reproduce independently

Obligate intercellular parasites

100nm

Basic Parts of a virus

Coat (box) → genetic material (DNA + RNA)

Lythic Cycle

1) Breaks open the cell

2) Infects the cell

3) The cell creates more

Lysogenic Cycle

1) breaks open the cell

2) Infects the cell

3) Splices the infection

4) Permanently in the body

How to stop viruses from spreading?

Vaccines, implants a small amount of the virus so your immune system can build a resistance

What doesn’t work again viruses?

Anti-biotics

Domain Eukyra

Protists, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi

Domain Bacteria and Archeae

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotic Cell

A single-celled organism without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Cell Shapes

-Coccus

-Spirillum

-Bascillus

Binary Fission

Process of duplicating a cell

Endosymbiotic Origin

eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship where one prokaryotic cell engulfed another, leading to the development of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts within the host cell, essentially creating a more complex eukaryotic cell structure

Protist

• Mostly Microscopic

• Many unicellular

• Much diveristy

Habitats

Mainly damp soil, dormant in dry areas

Eukaryotic Reproduction

Sexual reproduction, gamate=zygote

Asexual reproduction, offspring is a clone

Protist Reproduction

Binary fission-asexual- 1 into 2

sexual- conjugation

Animal Like protists

Heterotrophic, most have locomotion

Plant-like protists

Autotrophic that can photosynthesize

Fungi-like protists

heterotrophs, and they have cells with cell walls and reproduce by forming spores

Origin of land plants

evolved from green algae and evolved to have vascular tissue that transfers water to all of the plant

Alternation of generations

Gametophyte- Haploid

Sporophyte- Diploid

Diploid

Two sets of chromosomes

Haploid

One set of chromosomes

Groups of Plants

Non-Vascular Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Non-Vascular Plants

Plants that lack the vascular tissues that transfers water and oxygen to the plant

Seedless Vascular Plants

Plants that have the vascular tissue but do not reproduce through seeds.

Vascular tissue

specialized tissue within plants responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant body

Gymnosperms

Seeds develop in things like cones.

Angiosperms

Seeds develop in fruits and flowers

Flower

reproduction by releasing sporangiums into the air which are carried by the animals in the environment

Fruit

Fruits is whatever the flower ovary becomes (seed pod)

Seed vectors move the seeds

Stoma and Guard cells

A "stoma" (plural: stomata) is a tiny pore on a plant leaf, while "guard cells" are specialized cells that surround each stoma and control its opening and closing

Double fertilization

process where two male gametes (sperm cells) from a pollen grain fuse with two different female cells within the ovule, resulting in the formation of both an embryo and endosperm within one seed.

Fungal Biology

Phyllomate filled organism

Cell walls (chitin)

Absorptive feeders

Agents of decomp

Can be parasitic

Phyllomates

Called hyphae, a collection is called mycellium

Reproduction and Dispersal

Spores, most reproduce asexually (some sexually)

Fungal Symbiosis

Lichens, two part symbiosis protects algae cells and is fed

Mycorrhizae

Animals use fungi for digestive aid

5 types (phyla)

Chrytrids- primitave aquatic fungi

Zygomycota- bread mold

Mycorrhizae- fungus that lives on roots (mutualism)

Ascomycota- sac fungi, yeast, mold

Basidiomycota- mushrooms

Kingdom Animalia

All animals have one common anscestor

Main traits

Multicellular, Blastula, cell to cell signaling, different cell types

Characteristics

• All heterotrophic

• All multicellular

• Generally sexually reproduce

• Unique developmental patterns (embryos)

• Do not have cell walls

• Active movement

• Diverse in form

• Unique cell types

• Diverse in habitat and niche

Animal origins

Choanoflagellate, protist, closest animal ancestor

Animal Body Plans

Tissue, symmetry, germ layers, body cavities

Protostome

Spiral cleavage, determinate

Mouth before anus

Deuterostome

Radial cleavage, indeterminate

Anus before mouth

Veterbrates

Chordata

Invertebrates

Porifera to Anthropoda

Parazoa

Basic creatures, Phyla Porifera

Phyla Porifera

Irregular symmetry, sponges, no germ layers, no organs or tissues, made up of fibers

Eumetazoa

Radial symmetry, tissues and diploblastic (two germ layers)

Phyla Ctenophora, Cnidaria

Phyla Ctenophora

Comb jellies, marine carnivore, extremely fragile

Phyla Cnidaria

Mostly marine, jellyfish, stinging cells, tentacles for food

Bilateria

Bilateral Symmetry, 3 germ layers, two divisions

Deuterostomia and Protostomia

Lophotrochozoan

Animals that don’t shed their cuticle

Phyla Platyhelminthes

Phyla Rotifer

Phyla Mollusca

Phyla Annelida

Phyla Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, most are marine + parasitic, simple construction, no body cavity, monoecious

Phyla Rotifer

Marine and freshwater, rotifer, eat small organisms

Phyla Mollusca

A foot and mantle for movement, radula with scraping, complex, diecious. squid

3 classes of Mollusca

Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Bivalivia

Phyla Annelida

Segmented organisms, extensive body, all 3 types, detritus

Ectozoans

Animals that shed their cuticles

Phyla Nematoda

Phyla Arthropoda

Phyla Nematoda

Round worms, monecious, marine freshwater and parasitic

Phyla Arthropoda

Ancient group, exoskeleton, segmented, 4 major types

Chelicerates

Myriapod

Cretacean

Insect

Chelicerates

Spiders, stinging parts

Myriapod

Many feet, centipede

Cretacean

mostly marine aquatic, start as larvae, some have become terrestrial (rollypolly), lobster

Insect

mostly terrestrial, have air pipes, butterfly

Deuterostomes (phyla)

Phyla Echindermdata

Phyla Hemichordata

Phyla Chordata

Phyla Echindermdata

Marine, endoskeleton, water vascular system, starfish

Phyla Hemichordata

marine, filter feeders perforated pharynx, earthworm

Phyla Chordata

Mostly vertebrates, 4 main parts

Notochord, Dorsal nerve cord, Gill slits, Post anal tails

Urochordata

exclusively marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata, sea squirts

Cephalochordata

Have all Chordata features, lancelets, does not have a skull

Vertebrata

Animals that posses a vertebrate and a caninum or skull

Fish evolution

Jawless fishes (vertebrate)→ Cartilage fishes(Jaws)→ Bony fishes pt 1(ray-finned fishes)(Lungs or lung derivatives)→ Bony fishes pt 2(lobe-finned)

Jawless Fish

Hagfish + Lampreys

Bony skeleton

Cartilage Fish

Sharks

Cartilage instead of boney skeletons

Rayfinned Fishes

Rayfinned fish

fins supported by the spine

Lobefinned Fishes

Coelacanths and lung fishes

Small lobes at the end of the fin

Tetrapods

4 limbs/limbs with digits(Amphabia) → Amniotic egg (Reptiles) → Milk (Mammalia)

Amphabia

Terrestial + Freshwater

4 limbs with digits

Frogs

Reptiles(Non avaian)

Diopsid skull

Turtles - armoured reptiles

Lizards - eyelids + eardrums

Crocs- Archosaur

Aves

Avian reptile

Type of dino

all have feathers (keratin)

bones are hallow

warm blooded

no boney tails

two parent care