McCance Chapter 33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Adiponectin

Adipokine that is antiathrogenic and anti-inflammatory

Afterload

The tension or pressure that must be generated by a chamber of the heart in order to contract, such as that required to eject blood into the aorta.

Angina pectoris

Chest pain caused by reduced cardiac blood flow and myocardial ischemia.

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II

Vasoconstrictor, stimulates the release of aldosterone

Angiotensinogen

Converted to angiotensin I by renin

Arteriosclerosis

A condition in which the blood vessel walls, mainly small arteries and arterioles thicken, harden, and lose elasticity, resulting in elevated blood pressure, and decreased perfusion to tissues and organs.

Asystole

The absence of contraction of the heart

Atherosclerosis

A type of arteriosclerosis in which the inflammatory changes of thickening and hardening of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries caused by an atheroma or plaque of lipids, cells, and connective tissue in the tunica intima, it does not affect veins.

Beriberi

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency, causes vasodilation and impaired myocyte contractility

Carditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, myocardium, or endocardium, separately or in combination

Chylomicron

Large lipoprotein particle in the small intestine that transports dietary fat from small intestine to the liver and then to adipose tissue

Complicated hypertension

Chronic high blood pressure damages blood vessel walls (hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis)

Complicated plaque

Proteinases rupture a plaque and is accelerated by bleeding from the lesion resulting in exposure of underlying tissues, platelet adhesion and clotting (thrombus formation)

Coronary artery bypass graft

A vein from the leg is used to bypass an obstructed coronary artery

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot or thrombus in a deep vein usually of the leg.

Diastolic heart failure

a condition in which heart contractions are normal but the ventricle does not relax completely so less blood enters the heart.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (congestive cardiomyopathy)

All four chambers of the heart are enlarged and weakened, resulting in progressive congestive heart failure and the need for heart transplantation.

Dyslipidemia

Abnormal amount of cholesterol and/or triglycerides in the blood

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing usually caused by lung or heart disease.

Dysrhythmias

Disturbance of normal sinus rhythm of the heart

Erythema marginatum

An early symptom of rheumatic fever in which pink circular lesions (erythromatous macules) appear on the skin then fade in the center to leave raised margins.

Fatty streak

Accumulation of lipid laden foam cells on the walls of arteries

Fibrillation

Rapid and irregular contractions of the heart muscle

Fibrous plaque

Smooth muscles cells proliferate, produce collagen and migrate over a fatty streak

Flutter

Rapidly and irregular heart beat

High density lipoprotein

Transports excess cholesterol from the tissues to the liver where it is processed and eliminated in bile, associated with a decreased risk of atherosclerosis and heart attack

Hibernating myocardium

Area of the heart that is persistently ischemic and undergoes metabolic adaptation to prolong survival.

Highly sensitive C-reactive protein

Indirect marker for atherosclerotic palque-related inflammation

High-output failure

Inability of the heart to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients despite adequate blood volume and normal or elevated myocardial contractility

Hyperhomocysteinemia

Increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis and venous thromboembolisman

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A genetic disorder (various mutations) that thicken the heart muscle, possibly leading to obstruction of blood flow and heart dysfunction

Inotropic

influencing the contractility of muscular tissue

Low density lipoproteins

Cholesterol and protien, delivers cholesterol to tissues, associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and heart attack

Leptin

Hormone produced by adipose tissue that is thought to suppress appetite and speed up metabolism

Malignant hypertension

Blood pressure is severely elevated and organ damage occurs in the eyes, brain, lung, and/or kidneys.

Mitral valve prolapse

Heart valve billows into the atrium during systole

Myocardial remodeling

Myocyte hypertrophy and loss of contractile function

Myocardial stunning

Cardiac tissue surrounding the area of an infarct experiences a loss of contractile function for hour to days

Orthopnea

Difficulty in breathing only when lying down

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

A sudden fall in blood pressure when a person assumes a standing position, resulting in dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, and temporary loss of consciousness.

Papilledema

Edema and inflammation of the optic nerve at its point of entry in the eyeball

Pericardial effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the cavity surrounding the heart

Pericardiocentesis

Surgical puncture of the pericardium especially to aspirate pericardial fluid

Pericarditis

Infection of the sac surrounding the heart by a virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus resulting in pain and fluid entering into the pericardial space.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Obstruction of large blood vessels secondary to atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes, embolism, or thrombus formation that causes ischemia.

Petechia

Small, reddish or purplish spot on skin or mucous membranes (hemorrahge)

Preload

The volume of blood in the ventricle after atrial contraction and ventricular filling.

Prinzmetal angina

Abnormal vasospasm of coronary vessels results in unpredictable chest pain

Pulsus paradoxus

Abnormally large decrease in systolic blood pressure and pulse wave amplitude during inspiration

Raynaud disease

Blood vessels spasm because of inadequate blood supply, resulting in discoloration of the fingers and/or toes after exposure to changes in temperature or emotional events.

Renin

An enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney that is released in response to decreased blood pressure in the kidney and sympathetic nerve stimulation. Converts Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Resistin

Adipokine linked to inflammation in vascular endothelial cells

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

The heart chambers are unable to fill with blood completely because of stiffness of the heart and the inability of heart muscle to relax during diastole.

Rheumatic fever

An inflammatory disease associated with recent streptococcal infection and causes inflammation of the joints, fever, jerky movements, nodules under the skin, and skin rash and often is followed by serious heart damage or disease.

Right heart failure

Inability of the right side of the heart to pump blood efficiently because of left-sided heart failure, lung disease, congenital heart disease, clots in pulmonary arteries, pulmonary hypertension, or heart valve disease.

Silent ischemia

Myocardial ischemia that does not cause detectable symptoms

Stable angina

Ischemic attacks occur at predictable frequencies and duration after activities that increase myocardial oxygen demands such as exercise and stress.

stenosis

Narrowing of heart valve

Systolic heart failure

A condition in which the heart muscle contracts so weakly that not enough oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body.

Tamponade

Blockage or compression of a body part such as heart compression caused by collection of blood or fluid.

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)

Inflammation of the medium-sized arteries and veins because of thrombotic occlusion, resulting in ischemia and gangrene.

Unstable angina

Unprovoked ischemic attacks occur at unpredictable frequencies and may increase in severity.

Uremia

Accumulation of waste products in blood normally excreted in the kidney

Valvular regurgitation

One or more of the heart's valves does not close properly causing blood to leak in the wrong direction.

Varicose veins

Abnormally swollen vessel where blood has pooled

Very low density lipoproteins

Proteins synthesized in the liver that transports triglycerides