Last-Minute Bio Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts from the Last-Minute Bio Study Guide, including glycolysis, photosynthesis, DNA processes, mutations, and more.

Glycolysis

The process that occurs in the cytosol, making 2 ATP without requiring oxygen.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants produce glucose and oxygen, occurring in the chloroplasts.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of DNA that pair A with T and C with G.

Transcription

The process of making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA at the ribosome.

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence that can alter protein function, including missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells bring substances into the cell.

Heterozygote advantage

A situation in which heterozygous individuals have a benefit in survival and reproduction.

Capsid

The protein coat that surrounds a virus.

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction, a method used to amplify DNA.

Gene flow

The movement of alleles between populations, influencing genetic variation.

Active transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy.

Somatic mutations

Mutations that occur in non-germline tissues and are not inherited.

Allopatric speciation

Speciation that occurs when populations are geographically isolated.

Oxidative phosphorylation

The process that generates the most ATP during cellular respiration.