Ap Psychology exam tmrw i swear

Halo effect

• cognitive bias when a person’s overall judgement is based on a single trait

Self-fulfilling prophecy

a person believes something will happen and they unknowingly (unconsciously) make it come true

• Attributions

• Tries to explain how people determine the cause of the behavior they observe.

Fundamental attribution error

the tendency to make dispositional attributions about others and to underestimate the influence of the situation in shaping people's behavior.

Self-Serving Bias

a cognitive bias where individuals attribute their successes to internal factors like talent or effort, while blaming external factors like luck or other people for their failures.

individualistic culture

a society that values independence and the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole

Collectivistic

value the needs of the group as a whole over the needs or desires of each individual

Attributions and biases

Attempted explanations for behavior

False consensus effect

Overestimate extent that others share our attitude and beliefs

Stereotype

• Overgeneralized idea about a group of people; type of social schema

Prejudice

Biased attitude

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one person may hold that one culture is superior to all other culture

Discrimination

Biased action

Operant conditioning

shaping certain behavior by enacting consequences.

Observational learning

Learning something by observing other people do it.

Just World Phenomenon

A belief that the world is just and people deserve what they get

In group vs out group

A biased type of thinking where people of the “in group” are more positively viewed and the “out group” is negatively viewed

out group homogenity bias

A belief or bias where the person assumes the out group behaves “the same with everyone”

Scapegoating theory

A biased view where people blame the outgroup for the problems of the society.

self fulfilling prophecy

believing in something about one’s abilities that becomes true due to the held belief.

contact theory

Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goal.

attitude

relatively stable organization of feelings, beliefs and tendencies.

cognitive dissonance theory

people tend to have consistent attitudes and behaviors

effort justification

• you give a lot but receive little in return so to justify why you gave so much you rate it more favorably

mere exposure effect

a psychological phenomenon suggesting that individuals develop a preference for things simply due to repeated exposure

the 2 routes to persuasion

central and peripheral route

central route of persuasion

Using data, facts and logic to persuade

peripheral route to persuasion

persuasion through emotional appeal or exposure.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

a small request that slowly leads to bigger and bigger requests

door in the face phenomenon

huge request in order to get rejected, in order for them to accept small requests

social reciprocity norm

a social expectation that we should return help to those who have helped us.

social facilitation theory

if a person is good at something, they will perform even better in front of more people

social loafing

tendency for people to exert less effort when working towards a common goal with other people compared to when they are on their own.

Group polarization

Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual

Groupthink

Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group in order to maintain group harmony.

conformity

adjusting one’s behavior to coincide with a group

Deindividuation

people get swept up in a group and lose sense of self

Where does the signal for hunger come from

The hypothalamus

what happens when the lateral hypthalamus is stimulated in an animal who is full

The animal still feels hunger

What happens if the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed

The animal will not feel hunger.

Leptin

A protein produced by bloated fat cells to communicate that the person is full

ghrelin

A chemical secreted in order to stimulate appetite

Externals

people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors.

food availability effect

When food is more available, people consume more of it

Variety and social interactions (food)

More variety of food and more people makes people want to eat more.

When does food taste the best during a meal

Food tastes better at the beginning of a meal

motivation

driving force behind a person’s actions

Biological Instinct

unlearned behaviors that humans are born with

drive reduction theory

the theory that our behavior is motivated by biological needs

Drive

Internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduce the tension

homeostasis

sense of equilibrium or balance

Yerkes Dodson law

Performance improves with arousal to a point after which it declines

incentive

external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior

Drive theories

internal states of tension that push people in a direction

incentive theories

external stimuli that can pull people in a direction

Intrinsic motivation

Comes from within the individual and is driven by personal desire, curiosity and satisfaction

Extrinsic motivation

Comes from external factors like rewards or punishments

According to Self-determination theory what are the humans’ three basic needs

Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness

Competence

People need to be effective in dealing with the environment

Autonomy

The need for people to control the course of their lives

Relatedness

The need for people to have a close and affectionate relationship with others

Motivational Conflict

Situations where multiple contradictory needs simultaneously act upon an individual

approach-avoidance

A conflict between something a person wants and something that they don’t want

approach-approach conflict

There are two positive options where a person has to choose between

avoidance-avoidance conflict

There are two negative options a person must choose from

Elicitor

Specific stimulus, situation or event that triggers a specific emotion in a person.