Unit 6 Social and Emotional Development 6 in Early Childhood (Ages 3 to 6)

authoritarian parenting

strict parenting style that focuses on obedience, authority, and following rules

authoritative parenting

democratic parenting style that focuses on communication, empathy, warmth, and responsibility along with moderate to high levels of structure

autism spectrum disorder

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction as well as "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior"

Big Five Factors

trait theory of personality that describes differences along the five spectrums of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness

emotion coaching

parenting strategies and techniques that promote emotion development, including emotional intelligence and emotion regulation

emotional intelligence

self-regulatory and interpersonal skills that allow us to understand the emotional states and needs of ourselves and others

ethnic-racial identity development

set of theories in which children understand their ethnicity through stages of labeling, knowledge, and constancy

free play

unstructured time in which children can choose their own activities

gender constancy

third milestone in gender schema theory in which children understand that gender is stable and does not change based on clothes, hairstyle, or temporary experimentation with gender roles

gender schema theory

theory in which children understand their gender through stages of labeling, stability, and consistency

gender stability

second milestone in gender schema theory in which children understand that boys grow up to be men and girls grow up to be women

impulse control

ability to consider long-term goals rather than short-term pleasures

initiative versus guilt

third stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory in which children learn to reach out and approach others and take responsibility in novel situations, or fail to take responsibility and avoid social interactions

media diet

range, type, and amount of information people consume through mass media outlets

metacognition

ability to think about your own thinking, or to contemplate your memories, emotions, or motivations

neurodiversity

any psychological, emotional, cognitive, or sensory experience that is different from the majority

parenting style

way in which a caregiver provides structure, feedback, and emotional support for a child

permissive parenting

generous and warm parenting style that focuses on keeping a child content and joyful but does not provide a lot of structure or rules

personality

stable and enduring construct that describes our unique behavioral, emotional, and cognitive ways of being across contexts

prosocial behavior

socially competent behaviors such as sharing, helping, and cooperating

proximity

circumstances that include children living, attending school or extracurricular activities close together

self-concept

ideas we have about ourselves, and the words, pictures, and feelings we use to describe ourselves

self-esteem

evaluation of our self, determined either through social acceptance or social comparisons

self-regulation

ability to calm and de-escalate our heightened emotions and to express situationally appropriate emotions

similarity

shared characteristics or interests such as matching hobbies, interests, appearances, or emotional temperaments

social comparisons

evaluations of self and others in order to rank-order or judge

structured play

play in which children follow an adult-led activity or game

uninvolved parenting

distant parenting style in which children are given little structure, attention, or warmth