UNIT 3 Microbiology

Penicillin G

Against gram-positive bacteria, requires injection

Penicillin V

Against gram-positive bacteria, oral administration

Oxacillin

Narrow Spectrum, resistant to pencillinase

Ampicillin

Broad spectrum

Amoxicillin

Broad spectrum; combined with inhibitor of penicillinase

Imipenem

Very broad spectrum

Aztreonam

Effective against gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas spp.

Cephalothin

First-generation cephalosporin; activity similar to penicillan; requires injection

Ceftaroline

Fifth-generation cephalosporin; activity against MRSA

Bacitracin

Against gram-positive bacteria; topical application

Vancomycin

A glycopeptide type; penicillinase resistant; against gram-positive bacteria

Teixobactin

Against antibiotic-resistance gram-positive bacteria

Isoniazid

Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid component of cell wall of mycobacterium spp.

Ethambutol

Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid into cell wall of Mycobacterium spp.

Nitrofurantoin

Urinary bladder infections

Chloramphenicol

Broad spectrum, potentially toxic

Streptomycin

Broad spectrum, including mycobacteria

Neomycin

Topical use, broad spectrum

Gentamicin

Broad spectrum, inlcuding Pseudomonas spp.

Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline

Broad spectrum, including chlamydias and rickettsias

Tigecycline

Broad spectrum, especially MRSA and Acinetobacter

Erythromycin

Alternative to penicillin

Azithromycin, clarithromycin

Semisynthetic; broader spectrum and better tissue penetration than erythromycin

Telithromycin

New generation of semisynthetic macrolides; used to cope with resistance to other macrolides

Quinupristin and dalfopristin (Synercid*)

Alternative for treating vancomycin-resistant gram + bacteria

Linezolid

Useful primarily against penicillin-resistant gram + bacteria

Mutilin, retpamulin

Inhibit gram-positive bacteria

Daptomycin

To treat MRSA infections

Polymyxin B

Topical use, gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas spp.

Rifampin

Inhibits synthesis of mRNA; treatment of tuberculosis

Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin

Inhibit topoisomerase; broad spectrum; urinary tract infections

Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Broad spectrum; combination is widely used

Nystatin

Thrush (fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the Candida albicans yeast)

Amphotericin B

Systemic fungal infections

Clotrimazole, miconazole

Topical use

Ketoconazole

Systemic fungal infections

Terbinafine, naftifine

Treatment of diseases resistant to azoles

Caspofungin

Systemic fungal infections

Flucytosine

Candida, Cryptococcus

Griseofulvin

Inhibits mitotic microtubules; fungal infections of the skin

Tolnaftate

Athlete’s foot

Pentamidine

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Maraviroc

Binds CCR5 of HIV

Amantidine, zimanadine

Widespread resistance in Influenzavirus

Zidovudine (AZT), tenofovir, emtricitabine

Inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase

Acyclovir, ganciclovir

Used primarily against herpesviruses

Ribavirin, Iamivudine

Used to treat hep B and hep C

Adefovir, dipivoxil

Treatment of Iamivudine-resistant infections of hep B virus

Cidofovir

Cytomegalovirus infections

Nirmatrelvir, ritonavir, molnupiravir

SARS-SoV-2 protease inhibitors

Saquinavir

HIV protease inhibitor

Zanamivir, oseltamivir (tamiflu), peramivir

Inhibit neuraminidase of Influenzavirus

Alpha interferon

Hep B, D, C

Chloroquine, mefloquine

Malaria, effective against red blood cell stage only

Artemisinin

Malaria

Diiodohydroxyquin

Amebic infections; amebicidal

Suramin

African trypanosomiasis

Metronidazole, tinidazole

Giardiasis, amebiasis, trichnmoniasis

Miltefosine

Amebic encephalitis

Niclosamide

Prevents ATP generation in mitochondria, tapeworm infections

Praziquantel

Alters plasma membrane, kills flatworms

Pyrantel pamoate

Nueormuscular block, kills roundworms

Mebendazole, albendazole

Inhibit absorption of nutrients, intestinal roundworms

Ivermectin

Paralyzes intestinal roundworms