APUSH Unit 7 test review

Spanish-American War

The 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that resulted in the U.S. gaining control of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking America’s emergence as a global power.

Cause and Effect of the Spanish-American War

Causes included U.S. support for Cuban independence, the sinking of the USS Maine, and sensationalist journalism. Effects included the Treaty of Paris, U.S. acquisition of overseas territories, and debates over imperialism.

Teller Amendment

A congressional resolution in 1898 declaring that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after its liberation from Spain.

Insular Cases

A series of Supreme Court decisions from 1901-1904 that determined the constitutional rights of citizens in U.S. territories were not automatically the same as those in the states.

Platt Amendment

An amendment to the Cuban constitution in 1901 that allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and established Guantanamo Bay as a U.S. naval base.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy proposed in 1899 advocating equal trade opportunities for all nations in China and opposing the division of China into foreign-controlled spheres of influence.

Panama Canal

A strategic waterway constructed by the U.S. between 1904 and 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to improve global trade and military mobility.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine articulated by Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, asserting the U.S. right to intervene in Latin American countries to stabilize their economies and governments.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret communication sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917 proposing a military alliance against the U.S.; its interception helped draw the U.S. into World War I.

War Industries Board

A U.S. government agency established during WWI to coordinate the production of war materials and manage resources for the war effort.

National War Labor Board

A WWI-era organization aimed at preventing labor disputes by mediating between workers and employers to maintain productivity during the war.

Sedition Act

A 1918 law that prohibited speech or actions critical of the U.S. government, particularly during WWI, limiting free speech rights.

Espionage Act

A 1917 law that imposed severe penalties for aiding the enemy or obstructing military recruitment during WWI.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities between 1916 and 1970, seeking job opportunities and escaping racial discrimination.

14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson’s post-WWI plan for peace, emphasizing self-determination, open diplomacy, free trade, and the creation of the League of Nations.

League of Nations

An international organization established after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations; ultimately, the U.S. did not join.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that ended WWI, imposing harsh reparations on Germany and reshaping European borders but failing to prevent future conflicts.

Economic, social, and political changes of the 1920s

The 1920s saw economic prosperity, a consumer culture boom, social liberation movements like flappers, and political conservatism alongside restrictions on immigration.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A 1920s political scandal involving the bribery of government officials for oil drilling rights on federal lands, undermining trust in President Harding’s administration.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

A controversial trial in the 1920s where two Italian anarchists were convicted of murder and executed, highlighting nativist and anti-immigrant sentiments.

Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies in the U.S., particularly after the Russian Revolution.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 trial where John Scopes was prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee, symbolizing the clash between modern science and religious fundamentalism.

18th Amendment

The 1919 constitutional amendment that established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who defied traditional gender norms by embracing modern fashion, behaviors, and independence.

Marcus Garvey – Garveyism

A movement led by Marcus Garvey promoting black pride, economic self-sufficiency, and a return to African heritage.

Jazz Age

A cultural movement in the 1920s marked by the popularity of jazz music and a vibrant cultural life, symbolizing the spirit of the decade.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural and artistic movement centered in Harlem during the 1920s, celebrating African American heritage and creativity.

Henry Ford – Assembly Line, Model T

Henry Ford revolutionized manufacturing by introducing the moving assembly line in 1913, which streamlined production by allowing workers to perform specific tasks on a continuously moving vehicle. This innovation drastically reduced production time and costs. The Model T's price dropped significantly due to assembly line efficiency, transforming transportation and contributing to economic growth.

Immigration Restrictions - National Origins Act

The National Origins Act of 1924 established strict immigration quotas based on national origins, favoring northern and western Europeans while severely limiting immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, as well as prohibiting immigration from Asia. This law aimed to preserve the racial and cultural composition of the U.S. and remained in effect until 1965.

KKK

The Ku Klux Klan experienced a resurgence in the 1920s, promoting white supremacy and targeting minorities, immigrants, and Catholics.

Stock Market Crash

The 1929 collapse of stock prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans marched on Washington D.C. in 1932, demanding early payment of promised bonuses. Their protest ended violently, symbolizing the desperation of the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles, Shanty Towns

Makeshift communities of homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Hoover, who was blamed for failing to address the economic crisis.

FDR’s Brain Trust

A group of expert advisors who guided FDR in designing New Deal policies to combat the Great Depression, focusing on innovative solutions for economic recovery.

New Deal

FDR’s plan targeting Relief for the unemployed, economic Recovery, and financial Reform to stabilize the economy during the Great Depression.

Social Security Act

A 1935 law establishing a federal safety net through social insurance, providing pensions for the elderly, unemployment benefits, and support for the disabled.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal program to modernize the Tennessee Valley region through dam construction, providing jobs, electricity, and flood control in rural areas.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A New Deal program employing young men to work on environmental conservation projects like reforestation and building national parks.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

A New Deal law designed to reduce agricultural overproduction, boost crop prices, and support struggling farmers by paying them to limit planting.

Public Works Administration

A New Deal agency funding large-scale infrastructure projects like dams, schools, and highways to create jobs and stimulate the economy.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Created in 1933, the FDIC insured bank deposits, rebuilding public trust in the banking system after widespread failures during the Great Depression.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

A New Deal agency established to regulate the stock market, prevent fraud, and restore confidence in financial markets.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Created by the Wagner Act in 1935, the NLRB protects workers’ rights to unionize, oversees labor disputes, and ensures fair collective bargaining practices.

Relocation Administration - Dorothea Lange

A New Deal agency that relocated Dust Bowl refugees. Photographer Dorothea Lange’s iconic images, like "Migrant Mother," humanized their struggles and raised awareness.

Dust Bowl

A 1930s ecological disaster caused by drought and poor farming practices in the Great Plains, forcing mass migration and worsening the Great Depression.

Great Depression

The global economic crisis of the 1930s marked by mass unemployment, poverty, and widespread business failures after the 1929 stock market crash.

Roosevelt’s Court Packing Scheme

FDR’s 1937 proposal to expand the Supreme Court, aiming to secure support for New Deal programs. It faced backlash for threatening judicial independence.

21st Amendment

The 1933 amendment repealing Prohibition, ending the nationwide ban on alcohol imposed by the 18th Amendment.

22nd Amendment

Ratified in 1951, it limits U.S. presidents to two terms in office, a response to FDR’s unprecedented four-term presidency.

Causes for American Involvement in WWII

The U.S. entered WWII after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor and rising Axis aggression, supported by policies like the Lend-Lease Act to aid Allied nations.

Lend-Lease Act

A 1941 law allowing the U.S. to supply weapons and resources to Allied nations, marking increased U.S. involvement before officially entering WWII.

Cash and Carry Policy

A pre-WWII policy permitting nations at war to buy U.S. goods if they paid cash and transported them, keeping the U.S. neutral while aiding Allies.

Atlantic Charter

A 1941 agreement between FDR and Churchill outlining post-WWII goals, including self-determination, free trade, and collective security.

Japanese Internment Camps, Korematsu vs. US

During WWII, Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated to internment camps. The Supreme Court upheld this policy in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) as a wartime necessity.

War Production Board

A WWII agency managing the transition of industries to war production, ensuring efficient use of resources for military needs.

Bracero Program

A WWII-era agreement allowing Mexican laborers to work in U.S. agriculture temporarily, addressing labor shortages while exposing workers to poor conditions.

Zoot Suit Riots

1943 clashes in Los Angeles between Mexican American youth, wearing zoot suits, and U.S. servicemen, fueled by racial tensions during WWII.

Mobilization and Migration on the Home Front

WWII significant industrial growth in the United States, leading to an increased demand for labor in defense industries. This surge in job opportunities particularly impacted women and minorities, who entered the workforce in unprecedented numbers. Additionally, large-scale migration occurred as individuals moved to urban areas and defense job hubs to seek employment and support the war effort.

Economic, Social, and Political Impact of the War

WWII played a crucial role in ending the Great Depression, revitalizing the American economy through increased production and job creation. The war also advanced civil rights movements, as the necessity for a diverse workforce highlighted racial inequalities and pushed for social change. The U.S. emerged from the war as a global superpower, significantly influencing international politics and economics in the post-war era.

Migration Patterns, Changing Roles, Racial Conflict

During WWII, migration patterns in the U.S. shifted as workers relocated to industrial centers in search of job opportunities related to the war effort. Women and minorities found themselves taking on new roles in the workforce, challenging traditional societal norms and expectations.This period also saw persistent racial and gender discrimination, as many faced obstacles and inequalities in their new positions.

Reasons for Dropping of the Atomic Bomb

The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force Japan’s surrender, avoid a costly invasion, and demonstrate power to the world.