History Exam

Adolf Hitler (small mustache)

German politician who was the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945Leader of the Nazi party

Joseph Stalin (big mustache)

Soviet politician, political theorist and revolutionaryLed the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953

Benito Mussolini (no mustache)

Italian dictator and journalistFounded and led the National Fascist Party

Francisco Franco (little mustache/kind of bald)

Spanish military generalled the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil WarRuled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator

William Lyon Mackenzie King

Canadian statesman and politicianServed as the tenth prime minister of Canada for three non-consecutive termsA Liberal, he was the dominant politician in Canada from the early 1920s to the late 1940s

Winston Churchill

British statesman, soldier, and writerServed as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice

Neville Chamberlain

Prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940He is best known for his role in the Munich Agreement of 1938 which ceded parts of Czechoslovakia to Hitler and is now the most popular example of the foreign policy known as appeasement.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

American statesman and political leaderServed as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945

Harry S. Truman

33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president under FDR

Emperor Hirohito

124th emperor of Japan, ruling from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989

League of Nations

First worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peaceEnded WW1

Fascism

A far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement

Nazi

A common name in English for National SocialismFar-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany

Communist

Left-wing to far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the establishment of a communist society

Blitzkrieg

A German word meaning “Lightning War”Germany's strategy to avoid a long war in the first phase of World War II in Europe

Dictator

A ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force

Phoney War

The period at the beginning of WWII between September 1939 and April 1940 when there was little fightingEight-month period at the start of World War IIThere was only one limited military land operation on the Western Front

Appeasement

Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent warThe prime example is Britain's policy toward Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in the 1930s

Scapegoat

A person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place

Maginot Line

An array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion

Anti-Semitism

Hostility to or prejudice against Jewish people

Conscription

Compulsory enrollment for service in a country's armed forces.

Holocaust

Genocide of European Jews during World War IIBetween 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematicallyMurdered six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population

Total War

Military conflict in which the contenders are willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory

Internment Camps

A prison camp for the confinement of prisoners of war, enemy aliens, political prisoners, etc.

War Measures Act

The Act gave the federal government broad powers to maintain security and order during “war, invasion or insurrection”

“The Homefront”

Refers to the civilians, including women, men, children and teenagers, who worked in various ways to help the country cope as tens of thousands of soldiers fought overseasyoung men normally employed in factories, on farms and in the cities

Rationing

Involves the controlled distribution of a scarce good or service

A-Bomb

An explosive weapon that uses the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energyWeapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions

War of Attrition

A conflict in which each side tried to wear the other down by killing as many of its men as possible

Propaganda

The dissemination of information (facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies) to influence public opinion

Axis Powers

Coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II

Allies (Western Powers)

The United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China (the “Big Four”), as well as France while it was unoccupied

Invasion of Poland

German troops invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, triggering World War II

Miracle of Dunkirk

The evacuation of more than 338,000 Allied soldiers during the Second World War from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940

Battle of Britain

A major air campaign fought largely over southern England in the summer and autumn of 1940

Nazi-Soviet Pact

An agreement of convenience between the two bitter ideological enemies

Dieppe Raid

Took place on the morning of August 19, 1942. The forces attacked at five different points on a front roughly 16 kilometres long.Four simultaneous flank attacks were to go in just before dawn, followed half an hour later by the main attack on the town of Dieppe itself.

Italian Campaign

The Allies agreed to help and decided to use Italy (which was aligned with Germany) as a platform to attack enemy territory in Europe and help divert German resources from the Eastern Front

D-Day (Normandy invasion)

Brought together the land, air, and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest invasion force in human history

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military launched a surprise attack on the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

War in the Pacific (Okinawa/Iwo Jima)

In thirty-six days of fighting on the island, nearly 7,000 U.S. Marines were killed. Another 20,000 were wounded. Marines captured 216 Japanese soldiers; island was finally declared secured on March 26, 1945

Operation Barbarossa

The code name for Adolf Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union

Liberation of Belgium and Holland

Our brave soldiers, sailors and aviators helped the Allied forces defeat the Germans and restore peace and freedom to the country after more than four years of harsh enemy occupation

War at Sea and Air

The British lost more ships and more men, though more of the surviving German ships were damaged than the BritishMost historians now agree that the British won the battle, if only because they kept control of the North Sea

Battle of the Atlantic

The struggle between the Allied and German forces for control of the Atlantic Ocean

Munich Agreement

Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France sign the Munich agreement, by which Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defenses (the so-called Sudeten region) to Nazi Germany

War Measures Act

The Act gave the federal government broad powers to maintain security and order during “war, invasion or insurrection”

Internment of Japanese Canadians

From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian populationFrom British Columbia in the name of "national security". The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry

Dropping the A-Bomb (Hiroshima & Nagasaki)

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively

What was the War's effect on Canada?

Attitudes changed fasterTensions festered more quicklyEvents forced governments and groups to take new positions at an unheard-of pace

How was Canada’s contributions to the war significant - respond to both Homefront and Battlefront

Fighting overseasDefending the country at homeProducing the weapons of war and food for Allied nations

How did Canada grow as a nations throughout the war?

There was increased urbanization, industrialization, state intervention in the lives of Canadians, interconnected trade with the United States, and a widespread desire for greater commitment in world affairs. A new Canada emerged from the service and trauma of the war

Canada’s relationship with nations before and after the war

CANADA + US Canada and the United States became extremely close partners. a deep and longstanding defence and national security partnership, providing both countries with greater security than could be achieved individually. Trade and investment between Canada and the U.S. supports millions of jobs CANADA + BRITAIN The relationship between our two countries continues a long tradition of strategic partnership. Canada became more independent from them overtime CANADA + GERMANY Under Mackenzie King's leadership, Canada had one of the most restrictive policies against accepting refugees from Germany. Between 1933-1939, Canada accepted only 2,000 refugees from Germany

How did Total War affect Canada differently from WW1?

The impact on civilians in particular in terms of death, destruction and displacement also made it more of a total war than that of 1914–18

Robert Borden

Prime Mister of Canadapromised no conscription in Canada and broke that promise after he visted injured soldiers in France

George Clemensau

“the tiger”President of France

Franz Joseph

Emperor of Austria-Hungary

Fransicis Pegahmagabow

sniper in the Canadian army

BIlly Bishop

one of the leading “aces” of the flying corpsshot down 72 enemy planes

Franz Ferdinand

assasinated by the Black HandArchduke of Austria-Hungary

Woodrow Willson

president of the USA

Kaiser Wilhelm Ⅱ

Emperor of Germany

Sam Hughes

Canadian Minister of Militiarefused to let the Canadians to be broken up

David Lloyd George

Prime Minister of Great Britian

King GeorgeⅤ

King of Great Britian

Czar Nicholas

Emperor of Russia

Gavrillo Princip

assassinated the Archdukeapart of the serbian terrorist group the Black Handsuffers from tuberculosis which influences his his decision to go to Sarajevo

Arthur Currie

Commander of the Canadian Corps

no mans land

narrow, muddy, treeless stretch of land, characterized by numerous shell holes, that separated German and Allied trenches

enemy aliens

people who had immigrated to Canada in the last 15 years from country’s who are at war with Canada

total war

everyone is effected by war, battlefront and homefrontwar based society, everyone doing their part

conscription

the law enforcing all eligible men must enlist in the war

interment camps

camps where ‘enemy aliens’ were put to work (building roads, building and repairing buildings, clearing the land)internees were only paid 25 cents a day

dog fights

enemy planes fighting in the sky

propoganda

biased or misleading info used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of viewrenforces nationalistic feelings: demonizes enemyincourages involvement on the battlefront and warfront

war guilt clause

forced germany to take all the blame for causing the war

shrapnel

chunks of hot flying metal from artillery fire and explosives

pacifists

men who didn’t want to enlist

chemical warefare

germans used chlorine gas for the first time in the battle of ypresa war crime

artillery

large-caliber guns used in warfare on landmachine guns, heavy artillery, riflescanadain standard: the ross rifleoften jammed

armistice

november 11th, 1918 both sides decided to cease fireneither side felt that the had “lost”

convoy system

Introduced by Royal Navy June 1917Would provide escort vessels for ships, guard against surface gunfire attacks, drops death charges (dropped into water, and when they hit a certain pressure in the ocean they explode)Canada’s main role in the war at sea was in shipping canadian troops, food, and munitions to Europe

stalemate

when both sides of a battle come to a standstill and neither are advancing or being defeated

shell shock

from overexposure to the front linesoften diagnosed when a soldier was unable to function and no obvious cause could be identified

creeping barrage

a creeping, continuous massive artillery barrage to protect squads of advancing troopsused for the first time at vimy ridgevimy glide: 100 yard advance every 2 minutes

trench foot/mouth

from standing in stagneant water for too long, and gangreen sets infrom the un-sanitary conditions in the trenches

great powers of europe

great britain, france, germany, austria hunagry, russia

triple entente

France, great britain, russiaRussia and France are friends to contain/sandwich germany

triple alliance

Germany, Austria Hungary , Italyitaly gets involved with the alliance for defensive purposes1914, they bow out, 1915, they join the entente

blank cheque

germans gave austria-hungary a cheque and told them whatever amount of money they wanted would be provided

militirisim

belief to keep a strong military/ the build up of a strong armyMilitary \= pride in nationCan build tension, suspicion, distrustLeads to an Arms Race

alliances

a union or association formed for mutual benefitex. triple entente, triple alliance

imperialism

controlling land around the globe/extending your empireMore people \= more soldiersMore resources & markets

nationalism

a sense of pride/patriotism in your empire/pride for your countryBecomes and issue when it becomes extreme“Ultra Nationalism”

isolationisim

avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countriesex. USA until they joined the war in 1917

suffragettes

groups of women who sought the right to votewomen whos children, husbands, or brothers were serving were given the right to votethis occured becuase borden throught they would vote for conscriptionthe more men in war, the more woman who can vote/less of a chance for their loved one to be injured

ANZAC forces

Australian New Zealand Army Core

arms race

two or more countries increase the size and quality of military resources to gain superiority over one anotheroften driven by paranoia

the spark/assasination (powderkeg)

The spark: the assassination → Austria-Hugary declares war on Serbia → Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary → Germany declares war on Russia → Germany declares war on France → Britian prepares for France and Russia to declare war on Germany *Italy doesn’t help becuase they said they would help on defensive, and AH and Germany are declaring war on everyone