Unit 4 Geography ATAR

Urbanisation

The level of urbanisation is the proportion or percentage of people living in urban areas (50% currently)

Process of urbanisation is reasons for increase in level, urban growth.

Rural-Urban Drift

Movement of rural dwellers to urban places for more social, educational and cultural opportunities. More jobs available in urban areas, urban also supplied many services for urban areas.

World Population and Human Wellbeing

Rate of population growth and increasing urbanisation raises environmental, physical, social, economic and political sustainability. Raises questions on how needs and wants will be ,et considering cost, land, risks, health, jobs, locations and other factors.

e.g. 55% of pop in urban areas in Africa, 87.4% in North America by 2050

Economic interdependence

Urban areas need rural to supply goods for local, national and international markets.

Australia depends on farming and mining as a primary industry for money.

Mining sector contributes 8.5% to the GDP, and employs 2% of the workforce. Mining makes up for 50% of export earnings, $305 billion in 2016

Agricultural sector employs 307 000 people, 135 000 farmers produce enough food for 80 million, 93% domestic supply, exports of $41 billion

People in cities need food, jobs provided by rural.

Rural need urban areas to supply functions and the market to consume goods

e.g. main admin buildings, offices and manufacturing plants are located in urban areas

Environmental interdependence

Rural areas increasingly hold some attraction to urban dwellers in terms of short term life style experiences.

They allow for the desire to experience escape, connection with nature, recreation and peace in the wilderness.

Alternatively relocation can be due to seek of the lifetime, affordability, space and safety benefits.

As this "sea change" or "tree change" occurs what makes these areas rural will be lost as they become increasingly urban.

e.g. Busselton and Mandurah used to be tranquil rural areas but are now urban

Worldwide rural areas are also viewed as dumping grounds for urban waste and other undesirable land uses due to being vast and remote.

Urban rely on rural to manage the environment effectively and ensure needs of population are met.

Historical (spatial pattern)

Australia was established as six seperate colonies, growing overtime to form the pattern of the capital cities, being near the coast due to port facilities.

Centres are the focus of government hubs and economic activity. Convict settlements had laws preventing people from venturing inland, until the need to be self sufficient formed close by agricultural areas, and therefore areas grew transport links and along those, smaller towns were formed.

Economic (spatial pattern)

Large capital cities are centres of economic activity, infrastructure and focus of transport to port facilities has created economic inertia and change resistance.

Capital Cities and Ports e.g. the push of moving frees facilities to Kwinana, deeming ports too far away, too impractical and expensive because there is a present labour force, support facilities, financial services, access to government etc.

Mineral Discoveries in bathurst and orange, major gold discoveries, 80 000 together in NSW, Workforce and families living around these areas and settling, forming permanent towns.

Agriculture forming low density, dispersed pattern raging rural workforce, form amalgamation common. Small centres getting smaller, bigger getting bigger

Decentralisation and settlement schemes addressing the imbalance of distribution.

Environmental (spatial pattern)

Climate, locations where rainfall is plentiful and water supplies are available due to presence of a river, streams and springs e.g. inland not used agriculturally

Hydrology, water supplies e.g. far north climate evaporation and rainfall makes it difficult to support agriculture, decreasing rainfall forces alternative supplies

Topography, lie and shape, flat coastal plains result in extensive, low density nature, availability of cheap, flat, easily cleared land.

Soils, presence of mountainous regions, rainfall and streams result in fertile soils, smaller farms, high population density and more urban places e.g. east coast, southwest has more hills, rainfall and surface flow, less extensive areas of fertile soil.

Socio-Cultural (spatial pattern)

Young generations living in cities for education, employment, tech, social, pull factors, limited opportunities in rural areas.

Older people moving to rural areas like Mandurah for values of outdoors, beach lifestyle, willingness to travel has spread to urban areas.

Land Use Competition

Similar types of land use functions found together, flow of goods, services and people. The more accessible the more profitable. The centre of these areas are the most desirable locations, with low transport costs and more customers. There is competition for these areas and land value is high. Gaining the greatest economic rent from a small amount of land. $ diminishes as distance from CBD increases. Intensive high rise in CBD, smaller urban places and town centres.

Urban Sprawl

Low density outward growth of urban areas into rural land, vegetation. Usually single story detached homes, stretching from city centre. Challenges providing services, dependance on private vehicles. e.g. Ellenbrook (Perth coast stretch)

Invasion and Succession

Invasion when one land use function begins to move into another. Succession is when the invading land use becomes the dominant. Occurs in the IMZ and RUF. Leads to urban blight (disrepair, land worth more) and Urban Shadow (not maintaining on RUF)

Renewal

Large, wholesale redevelopment projects GOVT funded, expensive and long. Transform rundown areas and rejuvenate them. e.g. East Perth 1991

Planning

Policies and regulations, 3 levels of government

Federal, supply and maintenance of national infrastructure (department of infrastructure and regional development)

State, overall regional and urban planning, transport, education, health etc

Local, implementation of bylaws and policies, footpaths, individuals

Changing demographic, economic and social characteristics

Characteristics of population, indicated by income and wealth. Knowing these demographics helps to allow provision of present and future needs. Specific facilities and services. Use of ABS census data helps to determine.

e.g. now % F up 33% of people born overseas, 20% second generation

Large number of children in outer and southern suburbs. Older residents inner and coastal.

State and capital cities have highest incomes in states. As they offer specialised, professional services in finance, med and legal, higher salaries. Wider range and higher number of employment opportunities.

Small towns rurally have a higher proportion of retirees and people reliant on government payments. less jobs, low income.

Population Loss

Declining share of population living in these areas is due to increased urbanisation

- young people moving to urban areas for tertiary education and employment opportunities

- loss of employment in rural areas especially farming (mechanisation)

- appeal of urban areas and services

- ABS noted population loss and decline in inland rural and remote locations but an increase in rural coastal areas

FIFO Work Patterns

Removes money from the local economy (FIFO workers don't spend money on local towns and businesses)

Loss of community identity (Alcoa, Karratha)

Social challenges such as families without a parent for a period of time

Mental health issues and type of work affecting personal wellbeing

Isolation and Remoteness

Lack of services

Low population not viable to provide a variety of services e.g. health provisions (royal flying doctors)

Availability of consumer goods and services e.g. fresh food

Northern regions of Australia experience serious problem in wet season, supplies cut for a period of time

Housing as a challenge

Rapid urbanisation put pressure on housing (especially developing megacities (excess of 10 million))

Inability to provide housing resulting in shanty towns or slums, poorly built illegal housing, undesirable vulnerable land, lack of infrastructure (roads, sewage, employment centres, social issues)

Urban Sprawl as a challenge

Land spread out into surrounding natural environment or rural area, converted to urban developments quicker than the population increases

Cultural values, 'Australian Dream' single story, detached with land and space, low density suburbia

Challenges, significant costs to government to develop (water, energy, sewage)

Reducing problem, urban infill (subdivision of blocks, use unused land)

Medium to high density living, redevelopment of areas e.g. East perth

Transportation as a challenge

Urban sprawl lead to reliance on domestic cars over 70% of all domestic passenger movement occurs on roads

Challenge is to support transportation and provide infrastructure for increasing population

Problems include the funding, developing and maintaining transportation networks

GHG emissions, global desire and necessity to reduce emissions

Environmental Degradation as a challenge

Local and most common, pollution, destruction of ecosystems, degraded freshwater and arable land

India, polluted and toxic waterways from manufacturing and technology industries

Air pollution is a major concern WHO who monitor air quality 20/24 megacities have serious pollution, in Beijing 2015 air pollution considered to be the same as smoking 40 cigarettes a day

Globally, desertification and climate change

Perth SITE

Sandy and undulating swan coastal plain 0-60m all, influenced by the flood plains of the Swan and Canning limited by the darling scarp and state forest to the east, and Indian ocean to the west

Perth SITUATION

South West coat of Australia, 31º57's 115º51'e

Adelaide 2700km east, N to S linear grid (mitchell-kwinana)

Great eastern HWY, Albany HWY, east, SE development.

Five railway line encouraged corridor development

Perth Internal morphology

Established around early transport nodes, developed around key planned outer business districts, Butler, Joondalup, Midland, Armadale, Rockingham.

CBD - St georges terrace

IMZ - Northbridge

ERZ - ML, Subiaco

IZ - Osborne park

OBD - Joondalup, Midland

NGZ - Ellenbrook

RUF - Wanneroo, Gnangara

SPZ - Airport, Showgrounds

Perth External morphology

A semi-stellate shape, follows coastline and swan and canning river. Perths metro area is confined to the west, the darling scary to the east and the Gnangara and Jandakot water mounds to the North and South.

kwinana freeway

albany highway

great eastern highway

mitchell freeway

Butlet, Joondalup, Scarborough, Free, Kwinana, Armadale, Rockingham

Avon and canning river

Perth demographics

The statistical data about the characteristic of a population such as age gender and income of people within a pollution or group helps to know to provide goods and services, needs and wants.

Population of 2.04 million, average 35.7 years, 50.4% female, 49.6% Male, 19.2% children and 12.5% elderly

Large number o younger children in outer and southern suburbs, Older residents located inner and coastal suburbs.

Rural areas in greater perth have less primary ages children

Multicultural with 33% of people in WA born overseas, 20% second generation

Perth Transport - nature, scope, causes

Effective transport is key to planning for growth of urban centres. Perth developed along transit lines but relies on use of motorcars. 70% of passengers move via roads. Aus is challenged to provide required infrastructure for the population, funding for this is a large part of government spending.

3.6 million trips, 400,000 of these public transport per day. 844 cars per 1000 people, Most cars 1 person. Concern regarding greenhouse gases, increasing investment to public transport and use of waterways. Sprawl making PT difficult

e.g. Ellenbrook rapid transit plan

Perth Congestion - nature, scope, causes

Perths congestion 7-9am and 3-6pm

Recurring congestion occurs when the number of vehicles on the road exceeds maximum capacity eg. Mitchell and Kwinana due to concentrated travel times (peak)

rapid population growth, increase in private vehicle ownership, limited PT, urban sprawl.

Random congestion is due to special events, roadworks, reduced flow

Need to expand bus and railway, some new roads (expanding roads is short term solution, encourages use)

Social costs, health, respiratory illness, fatigue and stress

Economic costs of $2 billion a year, loss of revenue and productivity

Environmental stress, greenhouse gases, land cleaning to expand roads etc.

Perth Urban Sprawl - nature, scope, causes

Land spread into surrounding natural environment or rural areas. Land is converted to urban developments quicker than the population increases.

Cultural values or the Australian dream and a single story detached house in low density suburbia e.g. Ellenbrook

Growth controlled by original Corridor plan 1970, growth occurred along major corridors, strategies such as decentralisation put into place without corresponding policy for increasing residential density, increased rate of urban sprawl.

Population growth, pressure of government to release land for residential development, new housing estates on the urban fringe with large expanses of vacant land in between contributed to sprawl.

Perth Housing - nature, scope, causes

Plan for increased housing supply in response to changing population needs, without further urban sprawl, consolidate existing areas.

Promote and increase housing diversity, adaptability, affordability and choice.

Caused by unprecedented population growth and housing demand, rising prices to meet the needs of Perths growing population. ABS forecast by 2061 Perth will grow stronger than other Australian cities 2 million to 5.5 million

Perth Transport - stakeholder views and attitudes

WA labour government "Perth is suffering a congestion crisis and our rail system is struggling to cope, over the part 8 years the number of people boarding trains has doubled"

"WA labour will build METRONET, connecting Perths suburbs with rail to solve our congestion crisis"

Perth Congestion - stakeholder views and attitudes

Travelling workers, fuel costs, time all increasing

Perth Urban Sprawl - stakeholder views and attitudes

Government costs, environment, communities removed.

Perth Housing - stakeholder views and attitudes

DOP aspirations of a sustainable city

State Government Department of communities housing, support vulnerable, increase home ownership and provide affordable housing

City of Free and land corporation create easy, attractive, affordable neighbourhoods using earths resources 'one planet living'

Sustainable living through water, energy, community, biodiversity.

Perth Transport - planning strategies

DOT (public transport for Perth and beyond)

Forrestfield Airport Link

Perth City Link

Northlink WA

Perth Congestion - planning strategies

Directions 2031 and beyond

Ellenbrook rapid transport

Perth Freight Link

WA Bicycle network plan 2014-2031

other - NZ truck priority lane

Sydney bus priority infrastructure program

Perth Urban Sprawl - planning strategies

Directions 2031

Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority

Perth Housing - planning strategies

Directions 2031

Affordable Housing Strategy 2010-2020

Department of planning - Liveable Neighbourhoods

other - Hong Kong, effective land use, maximise PT, cost effective service providing, reduce energy cost, liveable designed communities, open spaces, parks, interconnected pedestrian system, separation from traffic for safety

Perth Transport - challenge

Poor planning leads to unemployment, low productivity and high pollution levels

Support transportation and provide infrastructure for increasing population

Perth Congestion - challenge

Reduce issue, raise road safety, lessen wasted traffic hours

Perth Urban Sprawl - challenge

Cost to government to develop these areas

- provision of infrastructure, energy and water supply, sewage, transportation, schools, hospitals

Movement into other land uses, natural vegetation, rural land uses

- clearing of ecosystems, reducing biodiversity, disrupting cycles, water, carbon, heat

Perth Housing - challenge

Population growth, housing demand, rising prices

Perth Transport - enhancing sustainability and liveability

DOT PT 2031, residents use more than double current PT use, will account for 1/8 motorised trips (current 1/14) 1/5 peak trips (current 1/8) 30% peak hour.

FAL - underground train line connecting Forrestfield to City, opening eastern suburbs to rail network (improving airport connections) [PCL, Perth busport, yagan square]

NLWA - between Morley and Much, takes pressure off great northern highway, improving swan valley amenity. Allows for less motorcar patronage, links isolated areas inviting expansion of rail networks and buses, increase 67% usage, reduce fossil fuel reliance

Perth Congestion - enhancing sustainability and liveability

Directions 2031, extend mitchell fwy to Yanchep, extend Joondalup line to butler, complete Mandurah line, expand GEH to three lanes, move one way streets (barrack street), create transit orientated developments e.g. subi

Ellenbrook rapid transit corridor, connect, reduce cars on roads, faster, cheaper

PFL - free flowing 85km Much to Free, improves safety, reduces trucks on urban roads, 500 trucks a day being removed

WABNP - cycling safe, connected, convenient, economic, social, environmental benefits

Perth Urban Sprawl - enhancing sustainability and liveability

Infill (division of blocks, use unused land)

Medium to high density living

Increase dwellings from 10 to 50 per gross urban zoned hectare

MRA - redevelopment e.g. east perth transformed 150 hectares or derelict sites

Subi-centro, 86% redeveloped, transit orientated, mixed lad use

Perth Housing - enhancing sustainability and liveability

Directions 2031 - consolidate existing areas, 47% infill target or 328 000

50% improvement on current 30% infill, 50% increase, 15 dwellings p/gozh from 10

AHS - 20 000 new affordable homes, minimum target of 30,000 by 2020

90% of real estate is currently out of reach, medium $505, 000

LN - e.g. white gum valley, interconnected, mixed uses, solar orientation, public open spaces, amenity, safe access, sense of place, density, diversity, cost effective, coordinated, sustainable utilities

New York Site

On the banks of the Hudson river, bordered by the Atlantic ocean surrounded by low lying coastal flood plain 10m asl.

Occupies 784km2, highest point on staten island 124m asl.

NY is home to 8.4 million, is the powerful capital of commerce and finance. Over 13,500 ppl p/km2, some areas 100 000

New York Situation

40º71'n 74º00'w On the SE corner of NY state, west of long island. Dissected by transport lines into 450 subway stations

New York External Morphology

Multicellular with urban area separated by roadways, 5 areas

Bronx, Manhatten, Queens, Brooklyn, Staten Island

New York Internal Morphology

The zoning in NYC allows for the CBD and the FD located in midtown to be highly accessible

The IMZ comprises of older inner neighbourhoods that fringe the CBD where invasion has been major issues for changing land functions as those that originate from the CBD progress outwards for lower rent.

The RZ are known to be Harlem and The Bronx, in comparison to more expensive, luxurious locations on the upper west and east sides of manhattan.

The OBD are scattered across the boroughs making up NY as the SPZ to appeal to the population of the city

IZ have driven much of new yorks manufacturing industry away from the city core, close to the RUF, where residential areas are invading those more rural.

New York Demographics

NYC is the most populated city in the US, according to US census of 2014, 8.5 million people live there. Over 13, 500 people live on average per km2

In some parts 100,000 ppl per km2

Over 3 million NYC residents are foreign, 1/4 arriving after 2000. The region is the leading metropolitan opening for legal immigrants permitted into the US.

Over 45% of population between 18-35 years old. The 2010 to 2012 US census shows average household income across NYC to stand at $50,711, with 25% of New Yorkers earning 6 figures.

New York Waste - nature, scope, causes

NY generates more than 14 million tonnes of rubbish a year, spending $2.3 billion disposing of it. Problems with finding economically viable and sustainable ways to dispose of 50,000 tonnes a day. The high population, fact city is surrounded by large urban areas and no free land. The population tosses garbage causally, 80% used to end up at sea, used to created artificial land. NY trash used to end up in Fresh Kills Landfill until it reached capacity in 2001, now it is transported expensively to other states.

New York Congestion - nature, scope, causes

NYC is a big and bustling city with a growing population and constant tourism of 60 million per year. Sidewalks, trains, streets are all packed. The streets are fixed and building new subways would take years and be costly. Grid shaped roads make travel easy but encourage congestion and dense transport.

Residents wasting 89 hours a year in traffic. 4.7 mile cross bronx expressway is the worst for congestion.

New York Waste - planning strategies

2006 20 year solid waste management plan, shifting from truck system to utilising waterways and barges, rely upon city agencies, trucks, trains, barges, 1668 collection vehicles, 248 private having companies, facilities globally.

Recognises environmental issues surrounding waste, each borough treated fairly, increases efficiency, reduces costs, realistic, look forward, reliable, collaborative, service standards. Recycling, residential and commercial waste focus .

New York Congestion - planning strategies

NYC DOT planning scheme taking transport system and revitalising to improve mobility, choice, safer streets, cleaner environment, reduced ecological impacts, expanding lines to bring more people off the roads. Main goals are to cut traffic fatalities by 50%, implement bus rapid transit lines, double bike commuting, manage parking, develop people friendly boulevards, redesign streets, better street surfaces, energy efficient lights.

New York Congestion - enhancing sustainability and liveability

NY has an ambitious agenda for greening operations, cutting energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from the city municipal buildings and operations by 30%.

Reducing use of private vehicles by encouraging bicycle use.

Social - risk of injury decline, increased fitness level, non-discriminatory, affordable, avoiding traffic lowers stress levels

Economic - public cost is minimal, cost of building bike paths low, reduced congestion, lifted real estate value due to green areas, money spent on cars goes offshore, not circulated through economy.

Enviro - cyclist takes up less road space, doesn't produce emissions, less parking required, reduces demand for cars.

New York Waste - enhancing sustainability and liveability

Waterways keeps fuel down, maintenance costs, city clean and healthy providing other cities with waste who was sustainably rid of it.

Creates a more attractive environment, control and limit waste, recycling, hygienic environment, outdoors clean, less litter.