Post War Nationalism to Jacksonian Democracy

Tariff of 1816

this was a protective tariff that the US government imposed to protect industries from foreign competition, especially foreign competition against Britain

Passage of the 2nd National Bank

this was formed in 1816 to bring stability to the US following the War of 1812

Treaty of 1818

this was an agreement between the US and Britain which established the 49th parallel as the border between the US and Canada

Florida Purchase Agreement

(1819) this was an agreement in which Spain gave up Florida to the US in exchange for the US surrendering Texas

Monroe Doctrine

(1823) this was an American foreign policy that declared that European colonization would no longer be allowed in the Western Hemisphere

Clay's American System

this was an economic plan to build the nation back from the war; consisted of a protective tariff to support domestic manufacturing, a national bank, and federal subsidies for internal improvements like roads and buildings

McCulloch vs. Maryland

(1819) this was a Supreme Court case which ruled that Congress had the power to create a national bank under its implied powers and that states could not tax federal institutions

Gibbons vs. Ogden

(1824) this was a Supreme Court case in which ruled that Congress had the authority to regulate interstate commerce

Sectionalism

the idea of putting the interest of one's own region over other regions in the US

Tallmadge Amendment

this amendment declared that new slaves were to be prohibited from Missouri and former slaves were to gain gradual emancipation once they reach the age of 25

State Compact Theory

this was a theory in which stated that the states were the ultimate creators of the federal government, therefore they had the right to nullify or void amendments of it was necessary and proper to do so

Missouri Compromise

three provisions of this compromise:

1. Missouri enters as a slave state

2. Maine enters and a free state

3. the 36 30 line in Louisiana territory established slavery south of the line and freedom north of the line

Northwest Ordinance

(1787) this was a system in which allowed a territory to become a state, and it also prohibited slavery in the Northwestern states

5th Amendment Rights

amendment rights given to all individuals which included due process, trial by jury, and protection against excessive fines

Caucus system

a system in which allowed a small group of wealthy individuals to choose and support a presidential candidate

Party nomination conventions

replaced Caucus system; nomination system in which allowed a political party to select their presidential and vice-presidential candidates

Universal white manhood suffrage

every white male over the age of 21 had the right to vote

Causes of the rise of the common man

1. Spoils system- any political supporters of Jackson could obtain jobs in the US government

2. Economic growth in which created a new class of industrial laborers

3. Expansion of suffrage (universal white manhood)

4. Jackson's appeal to the common people

5. New party nomination conventions over causus system

Effects of the rise of the common man

1. Reform movements (women's suffrage, abolitionism, temperance, penal system, education)

2. Emergence of new parties- Anti-Masonic Party, Free Soil Party, Liberty Party

Jackson's fight against the Bank

Reasons for opposition: 

• Jackson believed the national bank had too much power

• believed it was acting as own branch

• too much control over population

Actions:

• vetoed bill for 3rd BUS

• removed federal funds and distributed to “pet banks”

Effects:

• Panic of 1837

• Depression of 1839

Indian Removal Act

1830- forced more than 100,000 Indians off of their lands to settle west of the Mississippi; many died on Trail of Tears

Worcester vs Georgia

(1832)- declared that Native American tribes were sovereign nations with the right to govern their own territory

(part of Jackson’s Indian Removal Act)

Cherokee Nation vs Georgia

(1831)- ruled that Native American tribes were not foreign nations; coined “domestic dependent nations.”

(part of Jackson’s Indian Removal Act)

Jackson's fight against South Carolina

1. South Carolina nullified the tariff law of 1832; argued that they had the right to nullify the tariff because of the state compact theory

2. Force bill passes which authorizes the president to seize the army and navy to collect taxes if necessary

3. Compromise of 1833 then lowers tariffs which prevents a civil war

Second Great Awakening

a second religious revival in the United States that stressed repentance as a form of salvation instead of just predestination

Causes of the Second Great Awakening

1. Declining church membership

2. Enlightenment

3. Movement from rationalism to emotionalism

Characteristics of the Second Great Awakening

1. Emphasis on repentance and Free Will (no more predestination)

2. Literal interpretation of The Bible

3. Enthusiastic sermons at camp meetings/revivals (circuit riders)

4. Church splits—N and S Baptist split over slavery

5. More accessible 

Effects of the Second Great Awakening

1. “Women's Awakening”- women converts exceed male converts which gave women identity and purpose in the US

2. Reform movements

3. New denominations of Christianity- Mormons and Shakers

Circuit Riders

travelling evangelists/itinerant preachers

ex:

1. Charles Finney—the most prominent evangelist—camp revivals—“soul-shaking” conversion

2. Peter Cartwright- Methodist circuit rider

Millennialism 

emphasis on the Second Coming of Christ

Dorothea Dix

(1821) created the first penitentiary which separated the mentally ill from criminals

Frances Willard

American educator and social reformer who led the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), working to reduce alcohol consumption and promote social reforms.

Horace Mann

known as the Father of American Education; promoted public education through the Free School Movement (taxes funded schools)

Cult of Domesticity

traditional view of women’s roles: take care of hearth and home

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First U.S. women’s rights convention; issued the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equality and arguing for women’s suffrage. Marked the formal start of the organized women’s rights movement.

1. equal opportunity in education

2. equality before the law

3. women’s suffrage 

Troy NY Female Institute (1821)

Founded by Emma Willard, it was the first U.S. school to offer young women an education equal to men’s, advancing women’s access to higher academic study.

Emma Blackwell

first female doctor

Elizabeth Bloomer

promoted “bloomers,” pantaloons style outfit to represent women’s equality

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

formed National Women’s Suffrage Association in 1870s

Lowell Factories

mass production of textiles, employed single women for cheap labor

McGuffy Readers

standardized spellers and stories that instilled knowledge and moralsinto students

Cotton gin

Eli Whitney 1793- technological device which separated cotton from cotton seeds—led to the growth of slavery since cotton could be grown beyond ten miles of a waterside

Canals

this innovation expanded the market for farmers, as their goods could be shipped to further distances; it is relatively narrow and shallow, and the most prominent is the Erie Canal in 1825.

Steamboats

boats powered by steam that increased the speed of river travel, created by Robert Fulton in 1807

Railroads

(1840s) this technological device facilitated travel of people and goods; it allowed for the creation of national markets

Telegraph

a technological device which enabled faster communication between different markets- business deals took days instead of weeks and months; created by Samuel Morse in 1844

McCormick Reaper

(1831) technological device in which mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest

Steel Plow

(1837) technological device invented by John Deere which enabled people to plow through thick soil so they could now farm in the Midwest

Market Revolution

the shift from an agrarian society to a mixed industrial market economy

Effects of the Market Revolution on US society

1. Changed in labor- people work for wages; decline of highly-skilled artisans with assembly line growth

2. Entry to Market System—over-investing in lands, which caused an economic depression every 20 yrs in the 1800s (Panic of 1819- land overspectulation)

3. Second Great Awakening- market revolution created anxiety in the population because of so much change, which caused individuals to seek comfort in religion