Bio Glycolysis etc...

Aerobic Respiration

Requires Oxygen

Most but not all organisms aerobically respire

Aka cellular Respiration

Most efficient in generating ATP

Anerobic Respiration

Less efficient but similar

Does not require oxygen

Used mainly by bacteria that are anerobic

Fermentation

Most inefficient process

Does not require oxygen

We can manipulate fermentation

Glycolysis 

First step in aerobic respiration 

Does not require oxygen, can work in anerobic and aerobic situations

Occurs in the cytosol (both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

Energy investment and Energy Payoff

Energy Investment phase Step 1 (Start)

A phosphorylation reaction charges glucose with 2 phosphates, forming F16BP (Fructose-1,6-biphosphate)

Energy Investment Step 2

The F16BP is broken in half and made into DHAP and G3P. The DHAP is isomerized into a G3P, making it into 2 molecules of G3P.

Energy Payoff Phase

Happens twice

Produce ATP in this part

Each G3P is converted into pyruvate, yielding two total pyruvate molecules.

What does the overall process of Glycolysis yield

2 ATP

2 NADH (Comes from the reduction of NAD+ during the energy payoff phase)

2 Pyruvates

The Math:

EIP: used 2 ATP, EPP made 4 ATP, and 2 NADH. 4-2=2

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

An alternative branch to glycolysis to produce sugars that make up nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

-Produce NADPH (electron carrier for antioxidant defense and used in other metabolic pathways)

Make ribose-5-phosphate

No energy in the form of ATP is made or used up

Pyruvate Oxidation Overall Second Step of Aerobic (background info) 

Occurs in the mitochondria 

Formation of Acetyl CoA

3 enzymes catalyze the reaction forming the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

What does Pyruvate Oxidation make

Takes 1 pyruvate and makes it into 1 Acetyl CoA

Produces 1 NADH

1 CO2

Multiply this all by two because there are two pyruvates from glycolysis

TCA third overall step in the glycolysis

Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes

ETC makes

6 NADH

2 FADH2

2 ATP

So the total, as of now, without Oxidative Phosphorylation is 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

Oxidative Phosphorylation background 

Oxidative phosphorylation produces a large amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of the cell. It achieves this by using the energy from electrons, carried by NADH and FADH2, to create a proton gradient that powers the enzyme ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP.  

Anaerobic Respiration

Does not require oxygen

Glycolysis still occurs

Still uses the ETC

Other compounds serve as the final electron acceptor (nitrate, Sulfate, or CO2)

Fermentation

No ETC involved

Most inefficient

Alcoholic Fermentation = Ethanol, CO2 , and NAD+

-Yeast, bacteria, low oxygen environments

Lactic Acid = Lactic Acid and NAD+

-Fungi, animals, bacteria, low oxygen environments