APUSH Unit 3

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81 Terms

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Mount Vernon Conference

A meeting between Maryland and Virginia to discuss navigation of rivers, but turned into discussion of trade problems between states; questioned the efficacy of the Articles

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Annapolis Convention

Purpose was to solve issue of intrastate trade; established a date for the Constitutional Convention

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Constitutional Convention

Called to overhaul the Articles of Confederation; 55 delegates from all states but RI; conferences were held in utter secrecy

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Framers of the Constitution

The men responsible for the framework of government of The United States; aka the Founding Fathers

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James Madison

"Father of the Constitution"; originated ideas of a more powerful national gov't and separation of powers

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Alexander Hamilton

Joined Madison and Jay in writing The Federalist Papers; later appointed Washington's Secretary of Treasury; devised an economic plan which essentially eliminated Revolutionary was debts

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Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who wrote the final draft of the Constitution

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checks and balances

Idea originated with Montesquieu; separated government into executive (president), judiciary (Supreme Court), and legislature (congress) branches

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Virginia Plan

"The Large-State Plan"; proposed by Madison; states rep. in both houses of a BICAMERAL congress would be based on population, thus favoring big states

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Connecticut Plan

"The Small-State Plan"; proposed "equal representation" for all states in a UNICAMERAL congress

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The Great Compromise (The Connecticut Compromise)

Facilitated by Roger Sherman; created a BICAMERAL congress where each state had 2 SENATORS and the number of REPRESENTATIVES was based on state population

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Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves would count as 3/5 a person for representational purposes in the House

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slave trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa; integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe

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Commerce Compromise

Allowed congress to levy taxes on imports but not on exports; solved problems between agricultural South and industrial North

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electoral college system

Electors were selected by the states, electors would vote for President

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Federalists

Those in favor of the Constitution and awarding power to the national gov't

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Anti-Federalists

Those who opposed the Constitution for giving too much power to the national gov't (for states' rights); demanded "Bill of Rights"

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The Federalist Papers

Series of articles printed in influential NY newspapers authored by Federalists Jay, Madison, and Hamilton

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Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the Constitution; protected civil liberties of citizens; authored by James Mason

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Henry Knox

Washington's Secretary of War

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Edmond Randolph

Washington's Attorney General

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Judiciary Act (1789)

Organized the Supreme Court with a chief justice, John Jay, and five associate judges; organized federal district and state courts; established Office of Attorney General

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infant industries

Developing industries that require protection to get started; were funded by the Revenue Act of 1789

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national bank

Bank of the United States; proposed by Hamilton's Plan; strongly opposed by Jefferson who deemed it unconstituational

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tariffs (excise taxes)

Hamilton secured a tax on a few domestic items like whiskey; later led to the Whiskey Rebellion

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French Revolution

Revolution in France against the Bourbons; asked US for help: Jeffersonian Republicans were for helping, Hamiltonian Federalists were against helping

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Proclamation of Neutrality

Issued by Washington; proclaimed US neutrality toward war b/t Britain and France and other foreign affairs

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"Citizen" Edmond Genet

Traveled to the US to recruit Americans to aid the French; Washington demanded he be replaced

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Jay's Treaty

Jay was sent to negotiate with Britain to stop impressment of American sailors; treaty was unsuccessful: Britain made no guarantee to stop illegal seizure; however, eased tension w/ Britain, averting war

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Pinckney's Treaty

Established the border of FL and gave US free navigation of the MS River and right of deposit at the New Orleans port

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right of deposit

Allowed US to deposit goods at the New Orleans port w/o paying fees

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Battle of Fallen Timbers

US army defeated Native Americans ending their efforts to keep land in the Ohio River Valley

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Whiskey Rebellion

Backcountry farmers in the North, outraged by the excise tax on whiskey, started a rebellion; rebellion squashed by Washington's army; showed that president had the power to ensure domestic tranquility

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Public Land Act

Divided land in the Northwest Territory into squares to be given to veterans of the Revolutionary War

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Federalist Era

Period of time in which the US was run by leaders who favored national power and a loose interpretation of the Constitution

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Democratic-Republican Party

Jeffersonian Republicans; founded by Jefferson; favored states' powers, strict interpretation, and very pro-French

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John Adams

Washington's VP and the 2nd president; known for Alien and Sedition Acts and XYZ Affair

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XYZ Affair

Adams sent John Marshall to negotiate with French; ministers X, Y, and Z demanded large loans and bribes and an apology before allowing talks with the foreign minister; War hysteria swept the US

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Alien and Sedition Acts

Issued by John Adams; allowed deportation of "suspicious aliens", made immigration to the US more difficult, and prohibited any bad words against the leading officials; and attempt to limit the growing power of the Jeffersonians

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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Created by Jefferson and Madison; stated that the Alien and Sedition Act were unconstitutional and could t/f be nullified (according to the compact theory)

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Revolution of 1800

Not an actual revolution; a turn from Federalist office to a Republican one w/o revolts breaking out

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Thomas Jefferson

Washington's Secretary of State and the 3rd president; founder of the Jeffersonian Republicans; opposed Hamilton and his financial plan

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Louisiana Purchase

Began with attempts to purchase New Orleans from Napoleon for $10 mil, but bought the entire Louisiana territory for $15 mil; significant b/c Jefferson adopted a loose interpretation in order to admit the territory

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Toussaint l'Ouverture

Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion; caused paranoia among American slaveholders

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strict vs. loose interpretations

Republicans and Federalists had different int. regarding the Constitution; would sometimes shift these int. to benefit the party

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

Ordered by Jefferson to explore and map the newly-acquired LA territory

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John Marshall

Appointed Chief Justice during Adams' last few days in office; created the precedents of judicial review

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judicial review

Created by John Marshall; gave SC power to rule a law passed by Congress unconstitutional

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Marbury v. Madison

Regarded the "midnight judge" controversy; ruled the Marbury would not serve as a judge, but judicial review est. as a result

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Aaron Burr

Tied w/ Jefferson for president; lost the election b/c of Hamilton's influence; became Jefferson's VP

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Quids

Republicans led by John Randolph; country ideologists; denounced Jefferson for Yazoo Land Scandal

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Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations; built a strong US Navy

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neutrality

The state of not taking sides in wars or signing treaties benefiting a country at war

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impressment

The illegal seizure of American ship and sailors carried out by the British and French

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Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

British ship fired at American ship Chesapeake killing and wounding sailors; Caused Jefferson to prohibit British ships from American ports and to start preparations for war (built an army)

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Embargo Act (1807)

Forbade export of all goods from the US in order to punish Britain and France for impressment; disastrous to US economy; contradicted Jefferson's strict intepretation

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James Madison

Jefferson's Secretary of State and the 4th president

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Macon's Bill No. 2

Purpose was to entice Britain and France to stop impressment; US would restore trade with whichever nation accepted the bill first (France)

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Tecumseh and Prophet

Two Shawnee brothers who organized a confederacy of Indians to fight the US army at the Battle of Tippecanoe

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William Henry Harrison

Led troops upon Indian headquarters in the Battle of Tippecanoe

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Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle b/t Tecumseh and Prophet's confederacy and Harrison's troops; Indians were crushed and the Indian threat was essentially destroyed

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war hawks

New young members of congress from South and West, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster; eager for war with Britain

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Henry Clay

Speaker of the House; from KY; later called the "Great Compromiser"

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John C. Calhoun

Representative from SC; advocated states' rights, limited gov't, and nullification

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War of 1812

Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army; stimulated American economy

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Old Ironsides

A ship who sides were so strong canons would bounce off of them; USS Constitution

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Battle of Lake Erie

War of 1812, American victory won by Oliver Perry against British

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Oliver Hazard Perry

Hastily built American ships on coast of Lake Erie; led battle with and defeated British ships

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Battle of the Thames River

Battle led by Harrison; broke the British alliance with the Native Americans when Tecumseh was killed

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Thomas Macdonough

Commanded the weaker American fleet and challenged the British; made the British army retreat, saving New York and New England conquest

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Battle of Lake Champlain

British were forced to retreat and abandon their plan to take over new York and New England after Thomas Macdonough defeated them

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Washington's farewell adress

Warned against political parties and asserted neutrality

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"permanent alliances"

Washington warned against in his farewell address; avoid entangling alliances, treaties, etc.

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Andrew Jackson

Emerged as a national hero after defending New Orleans

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Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle in which Andrew Jackson received help from the Cherokees in defeating the Creeks and opening up settlement in the southwest

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Creek nation

Allied w/ the British; opponents of America in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend

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Battle of New Orleans

Battle in which Jackson defended New Orleans from the British resulting in American victory and his status as national hero

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Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and restored pre-war conditions

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American System

Economic plan pioneered by Clay; advocated national funding for internal improvements such as roads

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Hartford Convention

Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse b/c

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Francis Scott Key

American lawyer and poet who wrote the lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner after witnessing a British attack on Baltimore