APUSH Unit 3

Mount Vernon Conference

Mount Vernon Conference

A meeting between Maryland and Virginia to discuss navigation of rivers, but turned into discussion of trade problems between states; questioned the efficacy of the Articles

Annapolis Convention

Purpose was to solve issue of intrastate trade; established a date for the Constitutional Convention

Constitutional Convention

Called to overhaul the Articles of Confederation; 55 delegates from all states but RI; conferences were held in utter secrecy

Framers of the Constitution

The men responsible for the framework of government of The United States; aka the Founding Fathers

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution"; originated ideas of a more powerful national gov't and separation of powers

Alexander Hamilton

Joined Madison and Jay in writing The Federalist Papers; later appointed Washington's Secretary of Treasury; devised an economic plan which essentially eliminated Revolutionary was debts

Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who wrote the final draft of the Constitution

checks and balances

Idea originated with Montesquieu; separated government into executive (president), judiciary (Supreme Court), and legislature (congress) branches

Virginia Plan

"The Large-State Plan"; proposed by Madison; states rep. in both houses of a BICAMERAL congress would be based on population, thus favoring big states

Connecticut Plan

"The Small-State Plan"; proposed "equal representation" for all states in a UNICAMERAL congress

The Great Compromise (The Connecticut Compromise)

Facilitated by Roger Sherman; created a BICAMERAL congress where each state had 2 SENATORS and the number of REPRESENTATIVES was based on state population

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves would count as 3/5 a person for representational purposes in the House

slave trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa; integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe

Commerce Compromise

Allowed congress to levy taxes on imports but not on exports; solved problems between agricultural South and industrial North

electoral college system

Electors were selected by the states, electors would vote for President

Federalists

Those in favor of the Constitution and awarding power to the national gov't

Anti-Federalists

Those who opposed the Constitution for giving too much power to the national gov't (for states' rights); demanded "Bill of Rights"

The Federalist Papers

Series of articles printed in influential NY newspapers authored by Federalists Jay, Madison, and Hamilton

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the Constitution; protected civil liberties of citizens; authored by James Mason

Henry Knox

Washington's Secretary of War

Edmond Randolph

Washington's Attorney General

Judiciary Act (1789)

Organized the Supreme Court with a chief justice, John Jay, and five associate judges; organized federal district and state courts; established Office of Attorney General

infant industries

Developing industries that require protection to get started; were funded by the Revenue Act of 1789

national bank

Bank of the United States; proposed by Hamilton's Plan; strongly opposed by Jefferson who deemed it unconstituational

tariffs (excise taxes)

Hamilton secured a tax on a few domestic items like whiskey; later led to the Whiskey Rebellion

French Revolution

Revolution in France against the Bourbons; asked US for help: Jeffersonian Republicans were for helping, Hamiltonian Federalists were against helping

Proclamation of Neutrality

Issued by Washington; proclaimed US neutrality toward war b/t Britain and France and other foreign affairs

"Citizen" Edmond Genet

Traveled to the US to recruit Americans to aid the French; Washington demanded he be replaced

Jay's Treaty

Jay was sent to negotiate with Britain to stop impressment of American sailors; treaty was unsuccessful: Britain made no guarantee to stop illegal seizure; however, eased tension w/ Britain, averting war

Pinckney's Treaty

Established the border of FL and gave US free navigation of the MS River and right of deposit at the New Orleans port

right of deposit

Allowed US to deposit goods at the New Orleans port w/o paying fees

Battle of Fallen Timbers

US army defeated Native Americans ending their efforts to keep land in the Ohio River Valley

Whiskey Rebellion

Backcountry farmers in the North, outraged by the excise tax on whiskey, started a rebellion; rebellion squashed by Washington's army; showed that president had the power to ensure domestic tranquility

Public Land Act

Divided land in the Northwest Territory into squares to be given to veterans of the Revolutionary War

Federalist Era

Period of time in which the US was run by leaders who favored national power and a loose interpretation of the Constitution

Democratic-Republican Party

Jeffersonian Republicans; founded by Jefferson; favored states' powers, strict interpretation, and very pro-French

John Adams

Washington's VP and the 2nd president; known for Alien and Sedition Acts and XYZ Affair

XYZ Affair

Adams sent John Marshall to negotiate with French; ministers X, Y, and Z demanded large loans and bribes and an apology before allowing talks with the foreign minister; War hysteria swept the US

Alien and Sedition Acts

Issued by John Adams; allowed deportation of "suspicious aliens", made immigration to the US more difficult, and prohibited any bad words against the leading officials; and attempt to limit the growing power of the Jeffersonians

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Created by Jefferson and Madison; stated that the Alien and Sedition Act were unconstitutional and could t/f be nullified (according to the compact theory)

Revolution of 1800

Not an actual revolution; a turn from Federalist office to a Republican one w/o revolts breaking out

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's Secretary of State and the 3rd president; founder of the Jeffersonian Republicans; opposed Hamilton and his financial plan

Louisiana Purchase

Began with attempts to purchase New Orleans from Napoleon for $10 mil, but bought the entire Louisiana territory for $15 mil; significant b/c Jefferson adopted a loose interpretation in order to admit the territory

Toussaint l'Ouverture

Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion; caused paranoia among American slaveholders

strict vs. loose interpretations

Republicans and Federalists had different int. regarding the Constitution; would sometimes shift these int. to benefit the party

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Ordered by Jefferson to explore and map the newly-acquired LA territory

John Marshall

Appointed Chief Justice during Adams' last few days in office; created the precedents of judicial review

judicial review

Created by John Marshall; gave SC power to rule a law passed by Congress unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison

Regarded the "midnight judge" controversy; ruled the Marbury would not serve as a judge, but judicial review est. as a result

Aaron Burr

Tied w/ Jefferson for president; lost the election b/c of Hamilton's influence; became Jefferson's VP

Quids

Republicans led by John Randolph; country ideologists; denounced Jefferson for Yazoo Land Scandal

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations; built a strong US Navy

neutrality

The state of not taking sides in wars or signing treaties benefiting a country at war

impressment

The illegal seizure of American ship and sailors carried out by the British and French

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

British ship fired at American ship Chesapeake killing and wounding sailors; Caused Jefferson to prohibit British ships from American ports and to start preparations for war (built an army)

Embargo Act (1807)

Forbade export of all goods from the US in order to punish Britain and France for impressment; disastrous to US economy; contradicted Jefferson's strict intepretation

James Madison

Jefferson's Secretary of State and the 4th president

Macon's Bill No. 2

Purpose was to entice Britain and France to stop impressment; US would restore trade with whichever nation accepted the bill first (France)

Tecumseh and Prophet

Two Shawnee brothers who organized a confederacy of Indians to fight the US army at the Battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison

Led troops upon Indian headquarters in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle b/t Tecumseh and Prophet's confederacy and Harrison's troops; Indians were crushed and the Indian threat was essentially destroyed

war hawks

New young members of congress from South and West, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster; eager for war with Britain

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House; from KY; later called the "Great Compromiser"

John C. Calhoun

Representative from SC; advocated states' rights, limited gov't, and nullification

War of 1812

Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army; stimulated American economy

Old Ironsides

A ship who sides were so strong canons would bounce off of them; USS Constitution

Battle of Lake Erie

War of 1812, American victory won by Oliver Perry against British

Oliver Hazard Perry

Hastily built American ships on coast of Lake Erie; led battle with and defeated British ships

Battle of the Thames River

Battle led by Harrison; broke the British alliance with the Native Americans when Tecumseh was killed

Thomas Macdonough

Commanded the weaker American fleet and challenged the British; made the British army retreat, saving New York and New England conquest

Battle of Lake Champlain

British were forced to retreat and abandon their plan to take over new York and New England after Thomas Macdonough defeated them

Washington's farewell adress

Warned against political parties and asserted neutrality

"permanent alliances"

Washington warned against in his farewell address; avoid entangling alliances, treaties, etc.

Andrew Jackson

Emerged as a national hero after defending New Orleans

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle in which Andrew Jackson received help from the Cherokees in defeating the Creeks and opening up settlement in the southwest

Creek nation

Allied w/ the British; opponents of America in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle of New Orleans

Battle in which Jackson defended New Orleans from the British resulting in American victory and his status as national hero

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and restored pre-war conditions

American System

Economic plan pioneered by Clay; advocated national funding for internal improvements such as roads

Hartford Convention

Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse b/c

Francis Scott Key

American lawyer and poet who wrote the lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner after witnessing a British attack on Baltimore