Psych - learning

Ivan Pavlov

dogs; discovered conditioned responses

classical conditioning

type of learning that associates a stimulus with a response

baby albert

baby taught to fear rats with loud sound whenever he reached to pet a rat

Generalization

can’t distinguish similar CSs; happened to baby albert

discrimination

can’t distinguish between similar CSs

Acquisition

initial period of learning

Extinction

gradual unlearning

Spontaneous recovery

hope; doesn’t go through extinction again

US

unconditioned stimulus; unlearned reaction inducer

unconditioned response

unlearned reaction

Neutral stimulus

stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit reaction

Conditioned stimulus

learned association between neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

learned reaction to to neutral stimulus

Operant conditioning

Changing behavior based on rewards/consequences; voluntary

operant chamber

skinner box; rats hit buttons for rewards

positive reinforcement/punishment

adding something to change behavior

negative reinforcement/punishment

taking something away to change behavior

reinforcement

trying to promote a behavior

punishment

trying to end a behavior

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement given every single time an action is performed

Intermittent reinforcement

reinforcement not given every time

interval

reinforcing based on a regular/irregular schedule

ratio

reinforcing based on a regular/irregular number of behaviors done

John b watson

did baby Albert experiment

Albert bandura

Did bobo experiment

bobo experiment

children shown to have more agression towards clown when having seen adults do the same; social learning theory

social learning theory

people learn from what they see others doing

primary reinforcer

biologically satisfying reward

Secondary reinforcer

Learned to be satisfying reward

latent learning

learning that isn’t clear until reinforcement is present; cognitive maps

cognitive maps

unconsciously learning to navigate through experience

edward tolman

did latent learning experiment; rats and cognitive maps

thorndike

created puzzle box experiment

shaping

yes,yes, no, no game; teaching/changing behavior based on punishment/reward

operant chamber/skinner box

rats hitting buttons for rewards

Learned helplessness

giving up because efforts seem futile

Martin seligman

shocked dogs in shuttle box; learned helplessness founder

external locus of control

belief that outside factors control success

Internal locus of control

belief that YOU control success

problem-focused coping

directly trying to solve problem

emotion-focused coping

managing emotions instead of trying to get rid of problem

vicarious reinforcement

learning to do something seeing someone else be rewarded

vicarious punishment

learning NOT to do something seeing someone else be punished

Mirror neurons

neurons that fire when we watch someone else do something; empathy neurons