AICE Marine A Level Chapters 1-3

Solid

least kinetic energy; more rigid, vibrate in place; strong intermolecular forces

liquid

more than solid; can pour/flow easily

gas

most kinetic energy; fast moving; attractive forces between molecules are weak

temperature

measure of average kinetic energy of all of the molecules, phase change occurs when energy changes

Evaporation

occurs at surface of liquid

structure of atoms

nucleus(contains protons and neutrons); electrons in electron shell

valence electrons

in outermost electron shell

Salinity

Concentration of solids and gases/salts in dissolved seawater

covalent bond

sharing of electrons between atoms (co= together/valent=valence electrons

Know covalent molecules in water, co2, o2, sulfur dioxide and glucose

…

ion

charged atom or molecule

positive ion when…

losing an electron

negative ion when…

gaining an electron

identify ionic substances such as…

sodium chloride and calcium carbonate

chem formula for sodium chloride

NaCl

chem formula for Magnesium sulfate

MgSO4

Chem formula for Calcium carbonate

CaCO3

formation of hydrogen bonds

* Polar molecule
* Attraction between positive H and negative O of 2 different water molecules

how does hydrogen bonding effect solvent action

* fats and oils won’t dissolve
* Solubility decreases as temp of water increases
* Solubility decreases as salinity increases

how does hydrogen bonding effect density

* lower temps=increased density
* Solid water (ice) = less dense than liquid
* Increase salinity= increase density

how does hydrogen bonding affect heat capacity

* liquid water has higher heat capacity than air
* it takes more energy to change the temperature of water\`

solute

particles/substance that is dissolved

solvent

substance that dissolves other substances

solution

homogeneous mixture with dissolved particles/substances

solubility

ability of a substance to dissolve

effect of water temperature on solubility of salts

* as temp increases, solubility of salts increases
* higher temp = water molecules moving faster; more collisions with salt

salinity

concentration of dissolved salts in seawater

pH scale is..

a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water

acidic

more hydrogen ions; 0-6

basic

more hydroxide ions; 8-14

solubility of oxygen in water

low

effect of water temp on solubility of GASES

colder/lower temp = greater solubility of gases

effect of pressure (depth) on solubility of gases

increased pressure = greater solubility

effect of atmospheric pressure on solubility of gases

increased pressure = greater solubility of gases

effect of salinity on solubility of gases

increased salinity = decrease solubility of gases

why is there more O2 near the surface

* turbulence/waves and wind increases atmospheric dissolution (more in atmosphere than in water)
* photosynthetic organisms live near surface due to sunlight intensity

why does O2 decrease beyond 200m

* no photosynthetic organisms, only respiring organisms
* decay (dead organisms sink)

why is there a slight increase in O2 in deeper waters

* lower temperature= higher solubility
* higher pressure = higher solubility

effect of temperature on density

lower temp = denser water bc water molecules are closer together, thus increasing the density

effect of pressure on density

increased pressure = denser water

effect of salinity on density

increased salinity = denser water bc it increases the mass

density formula

mass/volume = density (kgm^-3)

density of ice is lower than sea water causing it to…

float

why does density lower when water freezes

* hydrogen bonds expand which decreases the mass/volume
* Less dense floats on denser molecules

importance of ice floating

* thermal insulator - prevents heat loss from water below; keeps water below warmer than air; barrier between water and air; prevents whole water column from freezing
* habitat- for penguins and seals (Antarctica)
* habitat- for polar bears, seals, and other terrestrial mammals (Arctic)
* habitat- algae and small organisms attach to the underside of ice

density is dependent on…

temperature and salinity

does denser water sink or float

sink

thermocline

rapid decrease in temperature over depth

halocline

rapid increase in salinity over depth

pycnocline

increase in density over depth

how does mixing of these layers occur at the surfaces

wind, waves, currents, upwelling

how does mixing of these layers at deeper depths occur

dense water sinking, deep currents, and upwelling

structure of the earth

\

theory of plate tectonics

1. earth’s crust is broken into plates
2. that float on the (denser) asthenosphere/mantle
3. due to convection currents in the mantle
4. causing plates to diverge (any boundary is okay)
5. once 1 single supercontinent (Pangaea)

evidence that proves that there was once 1 single supercontinent

1. rock strata are the same on separate continents
2. same fossil species on separate continents
3. paleomagnetic stripes on seafloor
4. puzzle-like/jigsaw fit of the continents’ edges

divergent

plates separate due to convection currents in the mantle

what do divergent boundaries produce

* mid-ocean ridges
* hydrothermal vents
* abyssal plains
* volcanoes
* earthquakes
* new crust

convergent

plates move towards each other

what do convergent boundaries produce

* trenches
* volcanoes
* earthquakes
* tsunamis (fast moving waves→ displacement of water) created by the built-up pressure
* loss of crust

transform

plates slide past each other

what do transform boundaries produce

* earthquakes
* fault lines

how do hydrothermal vents form

1. cold ocean water seeps through cracks in the crust
2. oxygen and potassium are removed from the seawarer
3. calcium, sulfate, and magnesium are removed from the fluid
4. Sodium, calcium, and potassium from the surrounding crust enter the fluid
5. when the fluids have reached their highest temp, Copper, zinc, iron, and sulfur from the crust dissolve in the fluids
6. hot fluids carrying dissolved metals rise up through the crust

when do hydrothermal vent plumes form

when water coming from hydrothermal vents which is hot and rich in dissolved nutrients is under pressure

weathering

break down of rocks/sediment produces small fragments

erosion

carried away/removal of sediment

chemical weathering

more acidic water will break down rocks, shells, and coral’s exoskeleton

physical weathering

the movement of water (waves and currents) and suspended sediment/sand will break down rocks and coral’s skeleton

organic weathering

AKA biological weathering; burrowing animals and coral’s predators

erosion by ice

glaciers move and weather/carve and create fjords; deposit sediment in new locations as the glacier moves

erosion by water

rivers, waves, currents, and tides will deposit sediment elsewhere

erosion by wind

wind can carry sediment great distances

erosion by gravity

particles will be dragged down through the depths due to gravity

four main types of erosion

ice

water

wind

gravity

sedimentation

deposition/build-up/accumulation of sediment/suspended particles

littoral zone

the intertidal region on a shoreline, between the HIGHEST and LOWEST spring tide marks = between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide mark on the coast

examples of the littoral zone

rocky shores, sandy shores, muddy shores, estuaries and deltas

characteristics of ROCKY shores

* waves, currents, and tides weather the rocky shore/rocks
* little erosion (granite and igneous rocks are resistant to weathering)
* very little sedimentation
* can form rock/tide pools
* rocks provide and attachment site/hiding places/more habitats than sandy shores
* more producers = higher productivity = more food than sandy shores

Marine terraces

wave-cut terraces

weathered and eroded when the sea level was higher

characteristics of SANDY shores

* typically smaller waves than on a rocky shore
* gradual slope
* sand/sediment constantly shifts (not much energy is needed to move the small particles)
* animals burrow/infauna
* waves, currents, tides, and wind weather and erode sediment (more in winter months)
* waves, currents, tides, and wind deposit sediment (more in summer months)

characteristics of MUDDY shores

* somewhat protected from waves
* very little weathering/erosion
* formed by sedimentation
* smallest particle size (silt)
* low in oxygen
* animals burrow/infauna
* very gradual slope

characteristics of deltas

* where a river ends at the sea
* rivers’ moving water weather and erode; deposit sediment at the end, on the continental shelf
* shaped by sedimentation

characteristics of estuaries

* sheltered or semi-enclosed bodies of water where fresh and salt water mix → low salinity
* sheltered from weathering and erosion by waves, silt and fine sand is deposited here; can have high turbidity

4 types of estuaries

* drowned river valley(coastal plain)
* fjord
* bar-built
* tectonic

drowned river valley (coastal plain)

formed at the end of the last ice age; increase in sea level flooded the river delta

fjord

formed as a result of weathering and erosion from moving glaciers

bar-built

formed by a sand bar or barrier island

tectonic

formed by tectonic activity; land subsided and sea water flooded in

tides

the vertical movement of water on the coast/ the change in water height on the coastline; due to the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun

tidal range

the distance on the coast between high and low tides (changes daily)

what is tidal range affect by

* alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun
* coastal geomorphology
* wind
* air pressure
* size of the body of water

how is tidal range affected by the alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun

* in a straight line → greater gravitational pull → larger tidal range = spring tides
* at right angles → less gravitational pull → smaller tidal range = neap tides

how is tidal range affected by coastal geomorphology

* as the coast narrows, water piles up on itself, increasing tidal range

how is tidal range affected by wind

* increased wind speed will push more water on and off of the coast, increasing the tidal range

how is tidal range affected by air pressure

* low air pressure = increased tidal range

how is tidal range affected by the size of the body of water

* larger bodies of water have greater tidal ranges
* small bodies of water have little/no tidal range

spring tide

* largest tidal range
* occurs twice a month
* greatest gravitational pull
* when Earth, Moon, and Sun are in a straight line
* New and Full moon

Neap tide

* smallest tidal range
* occurs twice a month
* weakest gravitational pull
* when earth, moon, and sun are at right angles
* 1st and 3rd quarter moon

currents

continuous moving ocean water-- deep and surface currents

cold surface currents move from…

* high latitudes to low latitudes

warm surface currents move from…

low latitudes to high latitudes