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Diaphragm
S: changes the volume of the rib cage and pleural cavity
F: structures responsible for air exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere
L: rib cage and pleural cavity
Thoracic cage with intercostal muscles
S: ribs: thin and curved bones that attach to the spine in pairs
F: changes the volume of the rib cage, responsible for air exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere
L: rib cage
Mucus
S: fluid component
F: moistens air by evaporation of water
L: from goblet cells and glands in both upper and lower tracts
Nasal vibrissae
S: thick hairs
F: filter large particles
L: nose
Sebum
S: oily substance
F: traps particles in the nostrils
L: from sebaceous glands
Mucus
S: fluid component
F: traps particles from the air
L: secreted onto the surfaces of upper and lower tracts
Nasal conchae
S: bony outgrowths covered by nasal epithelium
F: increase surface area in nasal passages to enhance air processing
L: 3 on either side of the nasal septum
Accessory sinuses
S: dead-end cavities
Four sinuses: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
F: in which air is warmed and processed
L: off of the nasal passages
Vestibule (nostril)
S: lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium-continuous with the skin of the face
F: nasal passage
L: just inside the external nares
Adenoids
S: permanent lymphatic tissue
F: detect foreign antigen
L: around the nasopharynx
ciliated cells
S: bear cilia
F: provides the propelling force for the transport of mucus along airways
L: extend from the basal lamina to the surface of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of air passageways (nasal passage)
Goblet cells
S: basally located nucleus and cytoplasm filled with mucin granules
F: secrete mucus
L: extend from the basal lamina to the surface of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of air passageways (nasal passage)
Brush cells
S: bear short microvilli
F: identify potentially harmful substances
L: lungs
Small granule cells
S: short cells aka Enteroendocrine
F: secrete hormones
Basal cells (stem cells)
S: short cells
F: divide to produce the other types of cells
Conchae
S: turbinates
F: increase surface area, create turbulent air flow → enhanced trapping of particles
L: nose
Nasal Septum
S: hyaline cartilage covered by nasal mucosa
F: air passageway
L: respiratory segment of nasal passages
Olfactory segment of nasal passage
S: covered by olfactory mucosa
F: ability to smell
L: nasal passage
Olfactory mucosa
S: pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of: olfactory cells (bipolar neurons), supporting (sustentacular cells), brush cells (sensory), basal cells (stem cells)
F: contains cells responsible for initiating olfactory sensations
L: olfactory segment of nasal passage
Olfactory cells
S: afferent fiber → olfactory vesicle at the epithelial surface
efferent fiber (axon) → olfactory nerve
F: help perceive smell
L: nasal passage
Supporting (sustentacular) cells
S: columnar epithelial cells
F: metabolic and mechanical support of the neurons
L: olfactory mucosa of nasal passage
Brush cells (sensory)
S: columnar cells with short microvilli
F: responsible for general sensation
L: in contact with the nerve ending of the trigeminal nerve, olfactory mucosa of nasal passages
olfactory glands
S: tubuloalveolar glands in the lamina propria of nasal passage
F: produce serous secretions that trap and dissolve odor molecules
L: in the lamina propria of nasal passages
Nasopharynx
S: lined by nasal mucosa with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, diffuse lymphoid tissue may be present in the wall
F: site of entry of the eustachian (auditory) tubes
L: located above the soft palate
Eustachian (auditory tubes)
S: tubes
F: equalize air pressure between the inner ear and the outside air
L: connect the inner ear with the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
S: lymphoid tissue aggregates
F: traps and detects antigens in the incoming air
L: located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Oropharynx
S: lined by oral mucosa with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
F: allows air, food and fluid to pass through
L: connects the nasopharynx to the laryngeal pharynx, middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity
Nasal mucosa
S: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
F: mediate immune responses to allergins and infectious particles which enter the nose
L: nasopharynx, nose
oral mucosa
S: nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, harbors minor salivary glands
F: acts as a protective physical and immune barrier from external stimulus
L: oropharynx
Laryngeal pharynx
S: lined by mucosa with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
F: crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass
L: occupies the area swept by the epiglottis, behind the nose and mouth
Larynx
S: formed from plates of hyaline and elastic cartilage covered by epithelium and connective tissue
F: protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing
L: neck
Epiglottis
S: covered mostly by nonkeratinized stratofied squamous epithelium, part by psuedostratified columnar epithelium
F: covers the entry into the larynx during swallowing
L: larynx
vocal cords
S: luminal surface is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, rest is covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, folds
F: vibration responsible for phonation
L: larynx
Trachea
S: mucosa with ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and cartilage layer with c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, thyroid glands on either side
F: responsible for carrying oxygen-rich air to your lungs. they also carry carbon dioxide out of your lungs
L: below larynx, Lower neck, upper chest
Clara cells
S: dome-shaped apical surface
F: secrete a surface active agent= lipoprotein → prevents adhesion of the luminal surfaces
L: present among the epithelial cells, lungs
Goblet cells
S: basally located nucleus and cytoplasm filled with mucin granules
F: secrete mucus
L: present in larger bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
S: elongated airways lined by alveoli, simple squamous epithelium, spirally arranged smooth muscle
F: control diameter of alveoli
L: lungs
Alveolar sacs
S: dead-end spaces at the ends of alveolar ducts, surrounded by clusters of alveoli, common entry between groups of alveoli
F: area where gases are exchanged between the air and the blood
L: respiratory portion of respiratory system
Pulmonary artery
S: tunica intima, media, adventitia
F: carries unoxygenated blood from the heart, supplies the capillaries of the alveoli
L: between lungs and heart
Pulmonary vein
S: principal vein
F: drains the alveoli, return oxygenated blood to the heart
L:
Bronchial arteries
S: tunica intima, media, adventitia
F: carry oxygenated blood from aorta, supplies all other tissues other than the alveoli, most blood eventually flows into the pulmonary system
Bronchial veins
S: tunica intima, media, and adventitia
F: drains connective tissue of hills, returns unoxygenated blood to the heart via the venous circulation
L:
bronchioles
S: no cartilage
F: carry air to alveoli
L: lungs
Respiratory bronchioles
S: bubble bronchioles, combination of bronchioles and alveoli
F: air passageway
L: lungs
Bronchus
S: plates of hyaline cartilage
F: carry air into your lungs
L: lungs
Pores of Kohn
S: openings between neighboring alveoli
F: allow the communication of two adjacent alveoli
L: lungs, openings between adjacent alveoli