Respiratory system

Diaphragm

S: changes the volume of the rib cage and pleural cavity

F: structures responsible for air exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere

L: rib cage and pleural cavity

Thoracic cage with intercostal muscles

S: ribs: thin and curved bones that attach to the spine in pairs

F: changes the volume of the rib cage, responsible for air exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere

L: rib cage

Mucus

S: fluid component

F: moistens air by evaporation of water

L: from goblet cells and glands in both upper and lower tracts

Nasal vibrissae

S: thick hairs

F: filter large particles

L: nose

Sebum

S: oily substance

F: traps particles in the nostrils

L: from sebaceous glands

Mucus

S: fluid component

F: traps particles from the air

L: secreted onto the surfaces of upper and lower tracts

Nasal conchae

S: bony outgrowths covered by nasal epithelium

F: increase surface area in nasal passages to enhance air processing

L: 3 on either side of the nasal septum

Accessory sinuses

S: dead-end cavities

Four sinuses: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

F: in which air is warmed and processed

L: off of the nasal passages

Vestibule (nostril)

S: lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium-continuous with the skin of the face

F: nasal passage

L: just inside the external nares

Adenoids

S: permanent lymphatic tissue

F: detect foreign antigen

L: around the nasopharynx

ciliated cells

S: bear cilia

F: provides the propelling force for the transport of mucus along airways

L: extend from the basal lamina to the surface of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of air passageways (nasal passage)

Goblet cells

S: basally located nucleus and cytoplasm filled with mucin granules

F: secrete mucus

L: extend from the basal lamina to the surface of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of air passageways (nasal passage)

Brush cells

S: bear short microvilli

F: identify potentially harmful substances

L: lungs

Small granule cells

S: short cells aka Enteroendocrine

F: secrete hormones

Basal cells (stem cells)

S: short cells

F: divide to produce the other types of cells

Conchae

S: turbinates

F: increase surface area, create turbulent air flow → enhanced trapping of particles

L: nose

Nasal Septum

S: hyaline cartilage covered by nasal mucosa

F: air passageway

L: respiratory segment of nasal passages

Olfactory segment of nasal passage

S: covered by olfactory mucosa

F: ability to smell

L: nasal passage

Olfactory mucosa

S: pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of: olfactory cells (bipolar neurons), supporting (sustentacular cells), brush cells (sensory), basal cells (stem cells)

F: contains cells responsible for initiating olfactory sensations

L: olfactory segment of nasal passage

Olfactory cells

S: afferent fiber → olfactory vesicle at the epithelial surface

efferent fiber (axon) → olfactory nerve

F: help perceive smell

L: nasal passage

Supporting (sustentacular) cells

S: columnar epithelial cells

F: metabolic and mechanical support of the neurons

L: olfactory mucosa of nasal passage

Brush cells (sensory)

S: columnar cells with short microvilli

F: responsible for general sensation

L: in contact with the nerve ending of the trigeminal nerve, olfactory mucosa of nasal passages

olfactory glands

S: tubuloalveolar glands in the lamina propria of nasal passage

F: produce serous secretions that trap and dissolve odor molecules

L: in the lamina propria of nasal passages

Nasopharynx

S: lined by nasal mucosa with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, diffuse lymphoid tissue may be present in the wall

F: site of entry of the eustachian (auditory) tubes

L: located above the soft palate

Eustachian (auditory tubes)

S: tubes

F: equalize air pressure between the inner ear and the outside air

L: connect the inner ear with the pharynx

Pharyngeal tonsil

S: lymphoid tissue aggregates

F: traps and detects antigens in the incoming air

L: located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Oropharynx

S: lined by oral mucosa with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

F: allows air, food and fluid to pass through

L: connects the nasopharynx to the laryngeal pharynx, middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity

Nasal mucosa

S: pseudostratified columnar epithelium

F: mediate immune responses to allergins and infectious particles which enter the nose

L: nasopharynx, nose

oral mucosa

S: nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, harbors minor salivary glands

F: acts as a protective physical and immune barrier from external stimulus

L: oropharynx

Laryngeal pharynx

S: lined by mucosa with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

F: crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass

L: occupies the area swept by the epiglottis, behind the nose and mouth

Larynx

S: formed from plates of hyaline and elastic cartilage covered by epithelium and connective tissue

F: protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing

L: neck

Epiglottis

S: covered mostly by nonkeratinized stratofied squamous epithelium, part by psuedostratified columnar epithelium

F: covers the entry into the larynx during swallowing

L: larynx

vocal cords

S: luminal surface is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, rest is covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, folds

F: vibration responsible for phonation

L: larynx

Trachea

S: mucosa with ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and cartilage layer with c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, thyroid glands on either side

F: responsible for carrying oxygen-rich air to your lungs. they also carry carbon dioxide out of your lungs

L: below larynx, Lower neck, upper chest

Clara cells

S: dome-shaped apical surface

F: secrete a surface active agent= lipoprotein → prevents adhesion of the luminal surfaces

L: present among the epithelial cells, lungs

Goblet cells

S: basally located nucleus and cytoplasm filled with mucin granules

F: secrete mucus

L: present in larger bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

S: elongated airways lined by alveoli, simple squamous epithelium, spirally arranged smooth muscle

F: control diameter of alveoli

L: lungs

Alveolar sacs

S: dead-end spaces at the ends of alveolar ducts, surrounded by clusters of alveoli, common entry between groups of alveoli

F: area where gases are exchanged between the air and the blood

L: respiratory portion of respiratory system

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Pulmonary artery

S: tunica intima, media, adventitia

F: carries unoxygenated blood from the heart, supplies the capillaries of the alveoli

L: between lungs and heart

Pulmonary vein

S: principal vein

F: drains the alveoli, return oxygenated blood to the heart

L:

Bronchial arteries

S: tunica intima, media, adventitia

F: carry oxygenated blood from aorta, supplies all other tissues other than the alveoli, most blood eventually flows into the pulmonary system

Bronchial veins

S: tunica intima, media, and adventitia

F: drains connective tissue of hills, returns unoxygenated blood to the heart via the venous circulation

L:

bronchioles

S: no cartilage

F: carry air to alveoli

L: lungs

Respiratory bronchioles

S: bubble bronchioles, combination of bronchioles and alveoli

F: air passageway

L: lungs

Bronchus

S: plates of hyaline cartilage

F: carry air into your lungs

L: lungs

Pores of Kohn

S: openings between neighboring alveoli

F: allow the communication of two adjacent alveoli

L: lungs, openings between adjacent alveoli