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Conquistador
Spanish explorers and soldiers who traveled to the Americas in the 16th century, known for their conquests of Indigenous civilizations.
Network
A system of interconnected people or things, often referring to trade routes and alliances.
Nutrition
The process of obtaining and utilizing food for health and growth.
Production
The process of creating goods and services, studied in the context of economies.
Exchange
The act of giving one thing and receiving another, often used to describe trade.
Innovation
The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products that drive change.
Confederation
An alliance of independent states or groups that come together for a common purpose.
Consumer goods
Products purchased for personal use by consumers.
Distribution
The process of delivering products to consumers.
Finance
The management of large amounts of money, including investment and lending practices.
Missionary
An individual sent on a religious mission, particularly to promote Christianity.
Egalitarian
Advocating for human equality and equal rights across contexts.
Khanate
A political entity ruled by a khan, referring to areas established by Mongol leaders.
Pastoralist
A member of a society that relies on herding and breeding livestock for subsistence.
Shamanism
A spiritual practice involving a shaman who mediates between the spiritual and physical worlds.
Siege
A military operation in which forces surround a place to compel surrender.
Caliph
A religious and political leader in Islam, regarded as a successor to Prophet Muhammad.
Dynasty
A sequence of rulers from the same family, often ruling over a kingdom.
Shah
The title of a monarch in Iran, historically used for kings in Persian empires.
Shia
A branch of Islam that believes in the rightful leadership of Ali.
Sultanate
A state ruled by a sultan, often in the context of Islamic governance.
Sunni
The largest branch of Islam, which believes leaders should be selected by the community.
Atlatl
A tool used to throw spears or darts, enhancing distance and accuracy.
Mustang
A free-roaming horse of the American West, descended from Spanish horses.
Patrilineal
A system of inheritance traced through the father’s side.
Subjugate
To bring under control, often by conquest.
Conquest
The act of conquering territory or people by military force.
Epidemic
A sudden increase in disease cases above what is normally expected.
Feudalism
A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for service.
Anticlerical
Opposed to the influence of clergy in political or societal matters.
Economics
The study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Guild
An association of artisans or merchants controlling a trade in a particular area.
Inoculation
A practice of introducing a substance into the body to stimulate immunity.
Irrigation
The artificial application of water to land for crop growth.
Pandemic
An epidemic that spreads across a large region, affecting a global population.
Cash crop
A crop produced for commercial value, not for personal use.
Indigenous
Referring to the original inhabitants of a region, often with distinct cultures.
Integration
The process of combining parts into a whole, often relating to cultural merging.
Labor
The physical and mental efforts used in the production of goods and services.
Plantation
A large estate where crops are cultivated, often using enslaved labor.
Amerindian
A term describing the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Famine
A severe scarcity of food affecting a large number of people.
Globalism
An ideology advocating for interconnectedness and cooperation on a global scale.
Homogenize
To make uniform or similar, often in cultural contexts.
Commercial
Related to commerce, involving business and trade.
Commodity
A basic good used in commerce, interchangeable with similar goods.
Demography
The statistical study of populations, including their distribution and trends.
Profitable
Yielding financial gain or benefit.
Imperial
Pertaining to an empire; related to expansion over territories.
Industrial
Related to industry and characterized by large-scale production.
Indentured servant
A laborer bound by contract to work a specific number of years for benefits.
Persecution
Harassment or punishment of individuals based on beliefs or social status.
Enslave
To make someone a slave or to fully subjugate them.
Mercantilism
An economic theory emphasizing wealth accumulation through trade and colonial expansion.
Transatlantic
Relating to the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, often in trade contexts.
Abolish
To formally put an end to a system, practice, or institution.
Mutilation
Severe damage or injury inflicted on a body, often as punishment.
Hierarchical
Arranged in ranked order, where higher levels hold more power.
Secular
Pertaining to non-religious matters, emphasizing separation from governance.
Tribute
Payment made by one ruler to another as a sign of submission.
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership for profit.
Monopoly
Exclusive control of a commodity in a market, eliminating competition.
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