apush final terms

Pueblo Bonito

-largest residential ceremonial site

-housed everyone in the settlement.

-center of chacoan world

Incan Empire

-region under the control of Incas

-emperor: Atahualpa

-contained more than nine million people and a wealth of gold and silver

-conquered by Francisco Pizzaro after weakened by the civil war.

aztec empire

-Central American empire constructed by the Mexica

-expanded greatly

-Eventually conquered by Hernan Cortes with the help of neighboring native tribes

Moctezuma II

-one of the last aztec emperors

-aztecs thrived under his rule

-conquered land and expanded territories

treaty of tordesillas

-agreement between Portugal and Spain,

- Line of Demarcation.

-Spain gets west and Portugal gets east

-lead to more explorations

hernan cortes

-Spanish conquistador

-defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

-gained alliances with the native tribes to overthrow the cruel Aztecs.

-lead to spread of European Culture

ferdinand magellan

-Portuguese explorer.

-First to circumnavigate the globe.

-geographical information that America was separated from Asia by the Pacific

francisco pizarro

-inspired by Cortes

-conquer the Incas

- executed leader

-increased Spain’s hold in South America

jamestown

-first permanent English colony

-began to thrive after colonists started growing and exporting tobacco

-started expanding - caused wars

House of Burgesses

-elected government in Virginia

-first democratically-elected legislative body in British American colonies

indentured servants

-person contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years

-vital to colonial economy

-helped develop English colones

bacon’s rebellion

-bacon wanted to drive natives out of land

-Governor William Berkeley rejects and issues policy of containment

-Bacon issues declaration of the people of Virginia (unfair taxes, giving friends positions in gov., not protecting colonists)

-attacks tribes and burns down Jamestown

-most serious challenge to royal authority before American Revolution

puritans

-established religion in New England colonies

-no religious freedom

-wanted to purify Church of England

-emphasized education and work ethic

king philips war

-failed effort by Native Americans to drive out English colonists (final attempt)

-deadliest war America’s seen

-paved way for more English settlements

middle passage

-sea journey taken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies

-supplied New World with major workforce

-brought profits to international slave traders

great awakening

-series of religious revivals in American Christian history

-influenced the Revolutionary War

-encouraged the notions of nationalism and individual rights

seven years war

-global conflict that involved most of the European great powers

-provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America

-led to colonial discontent

stamp act

-act of British Parliament that extracted revenue from American colonies by taxing newspapers and other documents

-helped replenish British finances after costly Seven Years' War with France

boston tea party

-protest by Sons of Liberty in boston

-arose from taxation without representation

-helped accelerate and intensify colonial support for the American Revolution

-ended local self-government in Massachusetts

declaration of independence

-official act taken by 13 American colonies declaring independence from British rule

-most important documents in the history of the United States

-put forth the doctrines of natural rights and of government under social contract

battle of saratoga

-turning point in Revolutionary War

-lifted american moral

-secured foreign support

battle of yorktown

-entrapped major British army on peninsula and forced its surrender

-led directly to the peace negotiations that ended the war

-gave America its independence

united states constitution

-supreme law of the United States of America

-replaced Articles of Confederation

-oldest written national constitution in use

-created a national government

-protects various individual liberties

thomas jefferson

-cut military spending
-reduced national debt
-cut internal taxing

bill of rights

-first ten amendments to the US Constitution

-guaranteed such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship

whiskey rebellion

-uprising in western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government

-first test of federal authority in the United States

-enforced idea that government had right to impose taxes that would impact citizens in all states

louisianna purchase

-1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River
-doubled size of the US
-opened way for future American expansion west

missouri compromise

-paired Missouri's entrance into the Union as a slave state with Maine's entrance as a free state.
-established Missouri's southern border as the permanent line dividing slave states from free states.

indian removal acts of 1830

-Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration
-removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed
-decline in Native population

trail of tears

-Cherokee sued state and won in Worchester v Georgia decision
-Georgia and Jackson ignore Supreme Court ruling
-25% of Cherokee die on forced 800 mile march known as Trail of Tears

john c calhoun

-Led nullification act
-threatened to secede (leave the union) if federal gov. attempted to enforce tariff
-argued for slavery

henry clay

-responsible for Missouri Compromise
-helped guide fragile Union through several crisis

oregon trail

-an early pioneering route across the central US

-main means for thousands of emigrants

-vital path for westward expansion

slave codes

-set of rules based on the concept that enslaved persons were property, not persons

-limited African social, economic and political freedom

-controlled growth of free African population

planter class

-upper middle class of wealthy gentlemen farmers

-well educated, politically astute, and generally came from successful families.

-significant impact on politics and society

-opinions on slavery and function of government influenced how antebellum South developed

compromise of 1850

-five laws passed that dealt with the issue of slavery and territorial expansion

-prohibited the slave trade

-settled Texas boundary

william lloyd garrison

-founder and editor of the Liberator
-wanted to abolish slavery
-started New England Anti-Slavery Society
-provoked many activist movements in 1800s

kansas nebraska act

-repealed the Missouri Compromise

-created two new territories and allowed for popular sovereignty (gov. based on consent of the people)

-led to Bleeding Kansas

-raised possibility that slavery could be extended into more territories

dred scott case

-Supreme Court stated that enslaved people were not citizens of the US and could not expect any protection from gov.

-opened up slavery

lincoln douglas debates

-series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas

-Lincoln gained national attention

-foreshadowed election of 1860

battle of antietam

-deadliest one-day battle in American military history,

-proved that Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater.

first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil

-union victory

battle of shiloh

-crucial victory for the Union

-allowed Union troops to penetrate the Confederate interior

-ended the Confederacy's hopes of blocking the Union advance into Mississippi

-doomed Confederate military initiative in the West

-union victory

emancipation proclamation

-declared that all slaves within rebellious states are free

-gave slaves opportunity to free life in US

-added moral force to the Union

battle of vicksburg

-gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union

-part of the Union's successful Anaconda Plan to cut off all trade to the Confederacy

-weakened the Confederacy by splitting it in half

-union victory

battle of gettysburg

-turning point in civil war

-ended Lee's attempt to invade the North

-involved the largest number of casualties

-union victory

john wilkes booth

-assassinated President Lincoln

-fierce Confederate sympathizer during the Civil War

-hoped to throw the U.S. government into a paralyzing disarray

sharecropping

-a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land

-crucial for physical and economic survival

-poor farmers were granted access to farm small plots of land

redeemers

-the Southern wing of the Democratic Party

-sought to regain their political power and enforce White supremacy

-lowered state budgets

-got rid of a variety of social programs

-cut property taxes

-cut public funding for schools

-limited African Americans' civil rights

14th amendment

-granted citizenship to all persons born in US

-provided all citizens with equal protection under law

-strengthened federal government's power over the States, particularly regarding State treatment of citizens

-gave momentum to future movements

15th amendment

-granted African American men the right to vote

-african americans started running for office

-opened opportunities to serve at the federal level in Congress