Prejudice

Name the three subcomponents of Hostile Sexism (HS). (11)

Dominative Paternalism; Competitive Gender Differentiation; Heterosexual Hostility.

Dominative Paternalism? (11)

Belief that men ought to control women.

Competitive Gender Differentiation? (11)

Using negative stereotypes to claim men are superior to women (often to bolster self-esteem/ingroup status).

Heterosexual Hostility? (11)

Resentment of women seen as using sexual attraction to gain power over men.

Name the three sub-factors of Benevolent Sexism (BS). (11)

Protective Paternalism; Complementary Gender Differentiation; Heterosexual Intimacy.

Complementary Gender Differentiation? (11)

Assigning women "positive" traits that complement male traits (e.g., purity vs competitiveness), reinforcing traditional roles.

What is the "Carrot" in sexism? (11)

Benevolent Sexism—rewarding traditional women and promoting compliance.

What is the "Stick" in sexism? (11)

Hostile Sexism—punishing nontraditional women.

Which group is the primary target of Hostile Sexism? (11)

Nontraditional women (e.g., feminists, career women, women who challenge gender roles).

Why did HS sub-factors fail to separate in factor analysis? (11)

They are tightly bound together in the sexist mindset (highly intercorrelated/inextricable).

What is "The Velvet Glove" (Jackman, 1994)? (11)

Paternalistic "benevolence" where sympathy mingles with resentment/contempt to maintain subordination/inequality.

Microinvalidation? (11)

A communication that excludes or negates the psychological thoughts/feelings/experiences of a person of colour.

Allport (1954) definition of prejudice? (11)

A negative attitude/antipathy based on faulty and inflexible overgeneralisations.

What happened to "Old-fashioned" racism scores with a Black experimenter present? (11)

They dropped significantly (reactive to social desirability pressure).

What is a "nonreactive" measure? (11)

A scale where scores do not change despite social pressure/observer effects to appear less prejudiced.

Why is the Modern Racism Scale called "nonreactive"? (11)

Scores remain stable even with a Black experimenter present because items are ideologically ambiguous (unlike old-fashioned scales).

Who distinguished "Old-fashioned" vs "Modern Racism"? (11)

McConahay et al. (1981).

Who developed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)? (11)

Peter Glick & Susan Fiske (1996).

Gunnar Myrdal (1944) An American Dilemma argued what? (11)

Racial issues reflect tension between democratic ideals/creeds and the reality of White prejudice.

Burt (1980) vs Feild (1978) on rape attitudes (Fran Cherry summary)? (11)

Burt focused on "rape myths" as false beliefs; Feild aimed to dimensionalize rape-related attitudes across different populations.

EVALUATION — The Velvet Glove: how does "benevolent" paternalism maintain inequality? (11)

Dominant groups can stabilise hierarchy via sympathy/protection that legitimises subordination, often more effectively than overt hostility because it appears moral and caring.

EVALUATION — Measurement reactivity: what is a critique of the Modern Racism Scale's "nonreactive" design? (11)

Although it resists social desirability shifts, ideological ambiguity can mean respondents do not recognise items as racism measures, complicating interpretation/construct validity.

EVALUATION — Ambivalent sexism: how do HS and BS function as "carrot and stick"? (11)

Benevolent sexism rewards traditional role conformity (carrot) while hostile sexism punishes nontraditional women (stick), jointly maintaining gender hierarchy.