Stuff u need to kno for 2024 year 9 science exam MHS

i like penis?

Independent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is changed

Dependent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is measured

Controlled Variable

Variables kept constant throughout an experiment

Categorical Value

A value with values that fall into distinct categories, like "color" or "species."

Numerical Value

A value with values that are numbers, either discrete or continuous.

Discrete value

A numerical value that can only take specific values, mostly whole numbers.

Continuous value

A numerical value that can take any value within a given range.

Experiment Aim

The purpose of an experiment

Outlier

A data point significantly different from others

SI Units

International System of Units used for standard scientific measurements, such as meters, kilograms, and seconds.

Metric Prefix

A prefix that modifies SI units, like kilo- for 1,000 or milli- for 0.001.

Significant Figures

The digits in a number that contribute to its accuracy, based on the precision of measurement.

Data Table

A way to record and organize data for analysis, using rows and columns.

Numerical Analysis

Analyzing data by calculating mean, median, mode, range, or other statistics.

Graph Representation

Visual representation of data, such as line, bar, or scatter plots.

Conclusion

A statement that answers the experiment’s aim, supporting or rejecting the hypothesis based on findings.

Ecosystem

A community of interdependent organisms and their non-living environment.

Biotic Factors

Living components of an ecosystem, like plants, animals, and bacteria.

Abiotic Factors

Non-living components of an ecosystem, like sunlight, water, and soil.

Producer

An organism, usually a plant, that creates its own food through photosynthesis.

Consumer

An organism that gets energy by eating other organisms.

Detritivore

An organism that feeds on dead organic matter, aiding in decomposition.

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down dead matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

Trophic Level

The position of an organism in a food chain or web, such as producer, primary consumer, etc.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which organisms release energy from food, often using oxygen.

Food Chain

A linear sequence showing how energy and nutrients pass from one organism to another.

Food Web

A network of interconnected food chains showing energy and matter flow in an ecosystem.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an environment can support, influenced by resources and competition.

Climate

Environmental conditions like temperature and rainfall that affect an ecosystem’s carrying capacity.

Competition

The struggle between organisms for resources in an ecosystem, affecting population size.

Surveying Techniques

Methods like transects and quadrats used to measure and estimate population sizes within ecosystems.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.

Proton

A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom.

Electron

A negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, determining the element.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics of an element influenced by the number of protons and electron configuration.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

Nuclide Symbol

The representation of an isotope, showing its atomic number and mass number (e.g., C-14).

Radioisotope

A radioactive isotope that undergoes nuclear decay.

Nuclear Decay

The process by which an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation.

Half-Life

The time it takes for half the atoms in a sample of a radioisotope to decay.

Periodic Table

An arrangement of elements organized by atomic number and electron configuration.

Electron Configuration

The arrangement of electrons in an atom’s shells, determining its reactivity.

Period

A horizontal row in the periodic table where elements have the same number of electron shells.

Group

A vertical column in the periodic table where elements have the same number of valence electrons.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell, influencing chemical bonding and reactivity.

Electricity

The flow of charged particles, typically electrons, through a conductor.

Electric Circuit

A path through which electricity flows, including a conductive path, load, and power source.

Ohm’s Law

The law stating that V (voltage) = I (current) × R (resistance).

Voltage

The potential difference in an electric circuit,

Current

The flow rate of electric charge,

Resistance

The opposition to current flow in a conductor

Series Circuit

A circuit where current passes sequentially through each component; resistance adds up.

Parallel Circuit

A circuit with multiple paths for current, each with the same voltage.

Effective Resistance

The total resistance in a parallel circuit, calculated as 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + etc.

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

A semiconductor that emits light when current flows through it.

Conductor

A material that allows electric current to flow easily, typically metals.

Load

A component in a circuit that consumes electric power, like a light bulb or motor.

Power Source

The origin of electrical energy in a circuit, like a battery or generator.

Stimuli

Changes in the environment that organisms respond to.

Nervous System

A system that transmits signals in response to stimuli through electrical impulses.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord, coordinating responses in the nervous system.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Everything other than CNS

Sensory Neuron

A neuron that detects stimuli and sends signals to the CNS.

Interneuron

A neuron that processes information and coordinates responses within the CNS.

Motor Neuron

A neuron that sends signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.

Endocrine System

Glands that release hormones into the bloodstream, triggering responses in target cells.

Hormone

A chemical messenger that regulates bodily functions by targeting specific cells.

Stimulus-Response Model

The process where a stimulus triggers a receptor, modulator, effector, and response.

Homeostasis

The regulation of stable internal conditions within an organism.

Menstrual Cycle

A monthly cycle controlled by hormones in the female reproductive system.

Ion

An atom that has gained or lost electrons to have a stable electron configuration.

Cation

A positively charged ion, formed by losing electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion, formed by gaining electrons.

Polyatomic Ion

A charged group of atoms, such as NH4+ (ammonium) and NO3- (nitrate).

Ionic Compound

A neutral substance formed from cations and anions.

Ionic Bond

The electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Ionic Formula

The notation showing the elements and ratio in an ionic compound, like NaCl.

Magnet

An object that produces a magnetic field and can attract or repel other magnets.

Magnetic Field

The area around a magnet where magnetic forces are exerted.

Electromagnet

A temporary magnet created by electric current passing through a coil of wire.

Solenoid

A coil of wire that generates a magnetic field when current flows through it.

Magnetic Force

The attraction or repulsion between magnetic poles.

Polarity

The north and south orientation of a magnet.

Field Model

A model that describes forces like magnetism as fields surrounding objects.

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value.

Precision

How close measurements of the same item are to each other.

assess

Make a judgment about, or measure, determine or estimate, the value, quality, outcomes, results, size, significance, nature or extent of something.

calculate

Determine from given facts, figures or information; obtain a numerical answer showing the relevant stages in the working; determine or find (e.g. a number, answer) by using mathematical processes.

compare

Recognise similarities and differences and the significance of these similarities and differences.

describe

Provide characteristics, features and qualities of a given concept, opinion, situation, event, process, effect, argument, narrative, text, experiment, artwork, performance piece or other artefact in an accurate way.

discuss

Present a clear, considered and balanced argument or prose that identifies issues and shows the strengths and weaknesses of, or points for and against, one or more arguments, concepts, factors, hypotheses, narratives and/or opinions.

evaluate

Ascertain the value or amount of; make a judgment using the information supplied, criteria and/or own knowledge and understanding to consider a logical argument and/or supporting evidence for and against different points, arguments, concepts, processes, opinions or other information.

explain

Give a detailed account of why and/or how with reference to causes, effects, continuity, change, reasons or mechanisms; make the relationships between things evident.

identify

Recognise and name and/or select an event, feature, ingredient, element, speaker and/or part from a list or extended narrative or argument, or within a diagram, structure, artwork or experiment.

predict

Give an expected result of an upcoming action or event; suggest what may happen based on available information.

state

Give a specific name or value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation.