Final PSYC121

Degrees of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom

Indication of sample size in statistics

Skinner Box

Tool for training behavior through reinforcement

Forensic Psychologist

Uses psychology to track criminals

Social Psychology

Applying psychological knowledge to social understanding

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs

Trepanation

Historical therapy drilling holes in skulls

Nativism

Debate on whether abilities are innate or learned.

Empiricism

Learning all abilities through experience

Introspection

Breaking sensory experiences into elements

Functionalism

Specialized brain functions theory

Phrenology

Personality judgment based on skull shape

Tabula Rasa

Locke's concept of blank slate at birth

Eugenics

Eliminating undesirable traits from a population

Robert Rosenthal

Social psychologist known for Pygmalion and Gollum effects

Pygmalion Effect

Expectations influence behavior positively

Gollum Effect

Expectations influence behavior negatively

Albert Bandura

Renowned psychologist, studied impact of violence on behavior

Norman Triplett Hypothesis

Performance is improved by the presence of others

Informational Influence

Conforming to be correct

Normative Influence

Conforming to fit in or gain approval

Group Membership

Behavior norms internalized within a group

Asch Conformity Experiment

Demonstrated impact of group size on conformity

Obedience

Compliance to authority figures' orders

Stanford Prison Experiment

Study on causes of issues in prison environments

Cultural Psychology

Study of how culture influences behavior

Emic vs Etic

Emic focuses on cultural context, while etic considers cross-cultural perspectives.

Correspondence Bias

Attributing behavior to internal traits over situational factors

Self-Serving Bias

Attributing personal success to internal factors

Indigenous Psychology

Locally relevant psychological knowledge within a culture

Universal Biases

Inherent biases in attributing causes to events

Stanford Prison Experiment Controversy

Study halted due to ethical concerns

Milgram Experiment Criticisms

Ethical concerns and lack of complete participant rights

Milgram Experiment participants

Majority of participants were glad to have participated

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in group settings

Conventionalism

Preference for maintaining traditional social relationships

Authoritarian submission

Belief in obeying legitimate authorities

Authoritarian aggression

Support for punishing those who disobey authority

Anti-intraception

Resistance to self-reflection or introspection

Superstition and stereotypy

Belief in superstitions and reliance on stereotypes

Power and 'toughness'

Emphasis on authority and strength

Destructiveness and cynicism

Tendency towards destructive behavior and cynicism

Projectivity

Tendency to project one's own traits onto others

The Right-Wing Authoritarian

Personality type valuing obedience to authority

Punitive socialism

Belief that punishment leads to social conformity

The authoritarian perspective

Belief in people getting what they deserve in life

Leon Festinger

Psychologist known for social influence research

Cognitive dissonance

Discomfort from conflicting thoughts, resolved by behavior change or justification

Ethics and integrity

Importance of moral principles in research and interactions

Little Albert

Subject in a classical conditioning experiment

Social loafing

Reduced individual effort in group tasks

Prosociality

Behavior intended to benefit others

Diffusion of Responsibility

Tendency to feel less responsible to act when others are present

Audience inhibition

Self-consciousness due to the presence of others

Social Influence

Impact of others' actions on individual behavior

Pluralistic Ignorance

Misinterpretation of others' reactions leading to inaction

Factor analysis

Statistical tools to identify relationships among variables

Reduced personal accomplishment

Negative response towards oneself and achievements

Physical health consequences of burnout

Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, heart disease, etc.

Psychological health consequences of burnout

Insomnia, depressive symptoms, hospitalization for mental disorders

Professional fallout

Job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, disability pension

Personality

Characteristic thoughts, feelings, behaviors distinguishing individuals

Physiognomy

Personality traits based on physical appearance

Sigmund Freud's topographic model

Levels of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Carl Jung

Collective unconscious, archetypes, extroversion

Gordon Allport

Identified 4000 adjectives to describe personality

DeYoung's findings

Linking personality traits to brain regions and tendencies

Personality over the lifespan

Stability and changes in personality traits over time

Theory

Scientific explanation of how something works. A systematic way of organizing and explaining observations, including a set of propositions about relationships among phenomena.

Hypothesis

A testable statement that can be exploratory and more focused than theories.

Scientific Method

Used in psychology to test hypotheses with appropriate data to determine support.

Broken Windows Theory

Smashed window leads to more vandalism. Suggests that visible signs of disorder can lead to further disorder and a lack of care.

Psychopathy

Behavior characterized by a lack of interest in others. Its a Chronic syndrome with negative interpersonal, affective, and behavioral traits

Statistics

Used to determine the likelihood that results are not due to chance.

Correlations

Represent the size and direction of the relationship between two variables.

William James

Considered the father of psychology, established the first psychology laboratory.

B.F

Associated with behaviorism, focused on observable behaviors rather than thoughts.

Stanley Milgram experiment

Shock experiment

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Focuses on the links between cognition and behavior in treating psychological distress.

Abraham Maslow

Developed the hierarchy of needs theory in humanistic psychology.

Sigmund Freud

Proposed important ideas in psychology, focused on the unconscious mind.

Nurture

Idea that individuals are born as a blank slate and learn from experiences.

Conformity

Adjusting behavior to match others, influenced by informational and normative factors.

Social Facilitation

Positive effect of observers on individual performance.

Milgram Experiment

A study on obedience where participants administered electric shocks to learners based on instructions.

Ethics

Moral principles guiding research conduct, especially in social psychology.

Bioethical Principles

Respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice in research.

Social Loafing

Reduction in individual effort in group tasks compared to individual tasks.

Bystander Effect

Phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present.

Strangers vs Friends

Helping inhibited with strangers, but inhibition decreases if future interactions are expected.

Burnout / emotional exhaustion

Ongoing state of physical/emotional depletion from excessive demands and stress.

Depersonalization

Treating others like objects, negative shift in response, distancing from clients.

Reduced Personal Accomplishment

Negative response towards oneself and accomplishments due to exhaustion or cynicism.

Consequences of Burnout

Physical and psychological health issues, professional fallout.

What Causes Burnout

Factors like workload, lack of control, values mismatch, and communication.

Trauma

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.

Physiognomy

Dispositions follow bodily characteristics, physical appearance as a window to the psyche.

Big Five (OCEAN Model)

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Personality Over the Lifespan

Generally remains stable over time.

Neuroticism

Trait related to emotional stability in the Big Five personality model

Narcissist

Person with pathological self-love and need for recognition