Psychology 387 - Learning (Athabasca) - Final Study Guide (2)

____ is a counterconditioning procedure in which fear stimuli are placed on a hierarchy scale from least to most fearful. The individual is then trained to relax and with the therapist they work through those fear stimuli from least to most

systematic desensitization

True/False: Staats and Staats research showed that if a negative word is paired with a certain ethnicity or race, negative feelings to the ethnicity/race are not more likely.

False

True/False: Parish et al. changed white children's feelings towards African American people from negative to more positive.

False

True/False: Olsson et al. were able to shift white people's feeling about African Americans to more positive but it took many trials

True

_____ are activities that some people get sexual pleasure from that other members of society deem perverse or unnatural.

paraphilias

Pfister et al. trained ____ to not eat locoweed, which is very toxic. This showed a practical use of aversion therapy.

horses

____ was the first person to conduct experiments on the role of conditioning and marketing.

Gorn

True/False: Gibson tried to see if her could sway people's preference from Coke to Pepsi by pairing one with positive images and the other with negative images. He was successful in this.

False

____ can perhaps be a treatment for drug use because it can weaken the influence of conditioned stimulus (needles, places etc.)

extinction

True/ False: Woodruff-Pak and colleagues found that adults who learned poorly through conditioning were much more likely to develop dementia later in life.

True

Sally is allergic to flowers, they cause her to sneeze violently. One-day, Sally saw some flowers in a picture and she sneezed violently. This is an example of:

conditioned allergic reaction

E.L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand:

animal intelligence

Thorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals."

anecdotal

Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials.

decrease in time

The law of effect says that ____:

behaviour is a function of its consequences

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____.

social psychology

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______.

success

________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box.":

Clark Hull

Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______

the benefits she receives for not speaking English

Mary is trying to get her grandmother Peral to speak more English. She and the rest of the family refuse to response to any comment or request if they know if can be done in English. For example, if during dinner Peral says " pass the potatoes" in English, she will get the potatoes, if she says it in her native tongue she is ignored. This is an example of:

positive reinforcement

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______.

the consequences of the behaviour must be positive

The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they ___:

strengthen behaviour

The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is:

4

Negative reinforcement is also called:

escape-avoidance training

Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly.

pigeons

Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.

The Behaviour of Organisms

The author of the text calls Skinner the ____

Darwin of Behaviour Science

A change in the form that a behaviour takes is called a change in the _____.

topography

If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

sensory preconditioning

VRET stands for____:

virtual reality exposure therapy

What reflex response occurs before conditioning?

unconditioned reflex (UR)

What stimulus elicits the UR before conditioning?

unconditioned stimulus (US)

What reflex response occurs as a result of conditioning?

conditioned response (CR)

What stimuli elicits the CR?

conditioned stimulus (CS)

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called ___:

motivating operation

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.

relative value theory

The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is:

the aversive event is not signaled

The first step in chaining is to break the task down into its component elements. This is called:

task analysis

One idea for preventing learned helplessness is _______ training.

immunization

True/False: Reprimands, restraints, captivity and electric shocks can be reinforcers?

True

True/False: Negative reinforcement and punishment are synonomyus

False

Negative reinforcement is sometimes called ____ learning

escape learning

_____ theory assumes that a behaviour becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as often as we normally would.

response-deprivation theory

The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is _________.

FR 1

Derenne and Baron (2002) suggest that procrastination (pausing before work) may be a function of:

availability of other reinforcers

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behaviour for some period of time.

fixed duration

What term refers to the point at which a behaviour stops or its rates fall of sharply?

break point

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.

frustration

One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is called the:

response unit hypothesis

A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by _________ .

Ferster and Skinner

True/False: One every day example of a VR schedule is the lottery?

True

True/False: The thinner of the two schedules VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 10?

True

True/False: When food is used as a reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which the animal expends more energy then it receives.

True

True/False: In a multiple schedule, the organism is forced to chose between two or more reinforcement schedules

False

Choice involves ________ schedules.

concurrent

If you increase the requirements for reinforcement too quickly, you are likely to see evidence of ratio____.

ratio strain

The first studies of punishment were probably done by:

Thorndike

Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the:

more it suppresses behaviour

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms. Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in _______

the use of excessively strong aversives

Differential reinforcement is best used with:

extinction

Problem behaviour in children can usually be dealt effectively through:

differential reinforcement

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.

more than twice

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called:

frames

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

Markowitz

True/ False: Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective then the occasional use of intense punishers

False

True/ False: Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behaviour and ignore minor behaviour, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behaviour.

False

The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by:

E.L. Thorndike

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of _______.

observing events and their consequences

Social observation learning may be defined as:

change in behaviour due to observing a model

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children:

imitated irrelevant acts

True/False: The effects of reinforcement generalizes but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.

False

The CS+ of Pavlovian conditioning is analogous to the ___/___ of operant discrimination.

Sd/ess-delta

True/False: The length of the retention interval is unrelated to the degree of forgetting.

False

The _______law means that, given a choice of activities, the proportion of responses to each activity will reflect the availability of reinforcement for each.

matching law

The relationship between behavior and consequences is called the law of ________.

effect

John Nevin suggests that the increase in strength due to reinforced can be considered behavioral ________.

momentum

An important variable in operant learning that has been largely neglected is ___________.

previous learning history

There are two kinds of motivating operations. Those that increase the effectiveness of a reinforcer are called __________.

establishing

According to David Premack, reinforcement involves a relation between a high-________ behavior and a low- ________ behavior.

probability, probabilty

The first demonstration of shaping in an animal involves teaching a pigeon to _____.

bowl

Gregory Wagner and Edward Morris studied ________ behavior with the help of a mechanical clown named Bobo.

superstitious

In some experiments, promised rewards tend to reduce creativity. This is because the rewards are not _______ on creative behavior.

contingent

_______ behavior does not produce the reinforcement that maintains it.

superstitious

Robert Eisenberger found that reinforcing effort in the face of difficulties can establish what he calls learned _______.

industriousness

After a reinforcement, the rate of the reinforced behavior may fall to or near zero before increasing again. The period during which the behavior occurs infrequently is called ___________ pause.

between-ratio

Of the four explanations of the PRE, the one that essentially says there is no such thing is the _________ hypothesis.

response unit hypothesis

In a DRL 10" schedule, the effect of pressing a lever after eight seconds is to _______ ___________.

delay reinforcement

David Camp and his colleagues found that a delay of 30 seconds greatly reduced the effects of contingent shock. They found that even a delay of ___ seconds made shocks less effective.

two

Ivar Lovaas was perhaps the first person to use punishment to suppress __________________.

self-injurious behaviour

Self-injurious behavior is often maintained by attention or by ________.

demanding/unpleasant/aversive situations

The author of this text calls the tendency to engage in bizarre behavior even when no reinforcers are available for it __________.

Goldiamond's Paradox

To restore function in a limb damaged by a stroke, therapists use CIMT, which stands for _____________.

constraint induced movement therapy

CIMT was first used to treat stroke patients, but it has also been used to treat patients with __________.

cerebral palsy, speech impediments, multiple sclerosis,

____ is the idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because it is harder to discriminate between intermittent reinforcement and extinction than between continuous reinforcement and extinction

discrimination theory

PRE stands for ____.

partial reinforcement effect