ch 4 : flashcards

sleep

consciousness:

consciousness:

a state of awareness of ourselves and of the world around us

states of consciousness:

levels of consciousness ranging from alert wakefulness to deep sleep

focused awareness:

a state of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed in the task at hand

drifting consciousness:

a state of awareness characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery

daydreaming:

a form of consciousness during a waking state in which one’s mind wanders to dreamy thoughts or fantasies

diving consciousness:

a state of awareness characterized by divided attention to two or more tasks or activities performed at the same time

inattentional blindness:

the failure to notice something right in front of your eyes because your attention is directed elsewhere

altered states of consciousness:

states of awareness during wakefulness that are different than the person’s usual waking state

circadian rhythm:

the pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day

jet lag:

a disruption of sleep-wake cycles caused by the shifts in time zones that accompany long-distance air travel

sleep stage 1:

brain waves become small and irregular with varying frequencies

sleeper can easily be awakened / not even realize they’re sleeping

sleep stage 2:

bursts of brain wave activity represented by spindle-shaped waves called sleep-spindles

more than half of their sleep time in this stage

sleep stage 3 & 4 :

delta sleep/ slow-wave sleep

difficult to awaken the person

sleep stage 3 :

delta waves constitute 50% or fewer of the brain wave patterns

sleep stage 4 :

delta waves constitute more than 50% of the brain wave patterns

REM sleep:

the stage of sleep that involves rapid eye movements and that is mostly closely associated with periods of dreaming

why do we sleep:

1. protective function

2. conserve bodily energy

3. restoration function

4. memory consolidation

activation-synthesis hypothesis:

the proposition that dreams represent the brain’s attempt to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep

manifest content:

the events that occur in a dream

latent content:

this is the true , underlying meaning of a dream disguised in the form of dream symbols

lucid dreams:

dreams in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming

sleep- wake disorders:

a diagnostic category of psychological or mental disorders involving disturbed sleep patterns

insomnia:

difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep after nighttime awakenings

narcolepsy:

a sleep-wake disorder characterized by sudden explained “sleep attacks”

can use stimulants as treatments

sleep apnea:

temporary cessation of breaking during sleep

nightmare disorder:

a type of sleep-wake disorder involving a pattern of frequent, disturbing nightmares

sleep terror disorder:

a type of sleep-wake disorder involving repeated episodes of intense fear during sleep, causing the person to awake abruptly in a terrified state

sleep waking disorder:

a sleep-wake disorder characterized by repeated episodes of sleep walking

meditation:

process of focused attention that induces a relaxed, contemplative state

transcendental meditation:

a form of meditation in which practitioners focus their attention by repeating a particular mantra

mantra:

a sound or phrase chanted repeatedly during transcendental meditation

mindfulness meditation:

a form of meditation in which one adopts a state of nonjudgmental attention to the unfolding of experience on a moment-to-moment basis

hypnosis:

an altered state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, deep relaxation, and heightened susceptibility to suggestion

hypnotic age regression:

a hypnotically induced experience that involves reexperiencing past events in one's life

hypnotic analgesia:

a loss of feeling or responsiveness to pain in certain parts of the body occurring during hypnosis

posthypnotic amnesia:

inability to recall what happened during hypnosis

posthypnotic suggestion:

a hypnotist’s suggestion that subject will respond in a particular way following hypnosis

neodissociation theory:

a hypnosis based on the belief that hypnosis represents a state of dissociated (divided) consciousness

hidden observer:

part of consciousness that remains dethatched from the hypnotic experience but aware of everything that happens during it

psychoactive drugs:

chemical substances that affects a person’s mental or emotional state

drug abuse:

maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance

polyabusers:

people who abuse more than one drug at a time

drug dependence:

a severe drug-related problem characterized by impaired control over the use of the drug

physiological dependence:

a state of physical dependence on a drug caused by repeated usage

withdrawal syndrome:

a cluster of symptoms associated with abrupt withdrawal from a drug

tolerance:

a form of physical habituation to a drug in which increased amounts are needed to achieve the same effect

drug addiction:

drug dependence accompanied by signs of physiological dependence, such as the development of a withdrawal syndrome

psychological dependence:

a pattern of compulsive or habitual use of a drug to satisfy a psychological need

internet addiction:

a nonchemical form of addiction characterized by excessive and maladaptive use of the internet

depressants:

drugs, such as alcohol and barbiturates, that dampen (slow down) central nervous system activity

intoxicant:

a chemical substance that induces a state of drunkenness

alcoholism:

a chemical addiction characterized by impaired control over the use of alcohol and physiological dependence on it

narcotics:

addictive drugs that have pain-relieving and sleep-inducing properties (opiotes)

barbiturates:

calming or sedating drugs that have several legit medical uses

stimulants:

a drug that activates the central nervous system, such a amphetamines and cocaine

hallucinogens:

drugs that alter sensory experiences and produce hallucinations

delirium:

a mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, difficulty in focusing attention, and excitable behavior

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the______

hypothalamus

part of the brain that regulates the body’s circadian rhythms

masking:

a procedure of preceding or following stimulus with an interfering pattern that might prevent consciousness of the stimulus

flash suppression:

a procedure of blocking consciousness of a stationary visual stimulus by surrounding it with rapidly flashing items

attentional blink:

occurs when your attention to a first stimulus blocks notice of a second stimulus

binocular rivalry:

an alteration between seeing a pattern in the left retina and the pattern in a right retina

all-or-none phenomenon:

either the brain activity spreads strongly through the brain, or it does not

construction:

conscious experience of a stimulus is a construction that can occur slightly after the stimulus itself, rather than simultaneously with it

brain death:

the brain shows no activity and no response to any stimulus

coma:

the brain shows a steady but low level of activity and no response to any stimulus

vegetative state:

limited responsiveness to stimuli, such as increased heart rate in response to pain

minimally conscious state:

brief periods of purposeful actions and speech