Anatomy Final

Explain how the eye works.

Vision occurs when light enters the eye through the pupil. With help from other important structures in the eye, like the iris and cornea, the appropriate amount of light is directed towards the lens.

What are the 4 alignments of the eyes?

Binocular field (120), monocular field (35), and blind area (170)

What is the name for looking straight ahead?

Fixation

Fusion is the power exerted by both eyes to keep the position of the eyes aligned so that both foveae project to the same point in space.

true

Describe the 4 eye movements?

Dextroversion is movement of both eyes to the right, and levoversion is movement of both eyes to the left. Sursumversion is looking up and deorsumversion is looking down on both eyes.

Name all the muscles of the eyes.

Superior rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, medial rectus, and inferior oblique.

Gives the lid its mechanical stability, is made up of the thick, and relatively rigid, tarsal plates, bordering directly on the palpebral aperture, and the much thinner palpebral fascia, or sheet of connective tissue; the two together are called the septum orbitale. What is it?

The fibrous layer

Iris: regulates the amount of light that enters your eye. It forms the coloured, visible part of your eye in front of the lens. Light enters through a central opening called the pupil.

true

Pupil: the circular opening in the centre of the iris through which light passes into the lens of the eye. The iris controls widening and narrowing (dilation and constriction) of the pupil.

true

Cornea: the transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball. It refracts the light entering the eye onto the lens, which then focuses it onto the retina. The cornea contains no blood vessels and is extremely sensitive to pain.

true

Lens: a transparent structure not situated behind your pupil.

false

What are nerves?

Nerves are like cables that carry electrical impulses between your brain and the rest of your body. These impulses help you feel sensations and move your muscles. They also maintain certain autonomic functions like breathing, sweating or digesting food.

Where does the plexus of nerves go through in the body?

Plexus extends from the spinal cord, through the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck, over the first rib, and into the armpit.

The plexus of nerves is not called brachial plexus.

false

How many cranial nerves do we have?

12

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

31 pairs of spinal nerves

What is the purpose of the nerves?

Nerves send electrical signals from one part of your body to another. These signals control your: Voluntary movement. Senses (touch, pain, feeling hot or cold, vibration, hearing, sense of balance, taste, smell and sight). Blood pressure. Breathing. Digestion. Heart rate. Stress response.

What are the two parts the nervous system is divided into?

Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

Name the cranial pairs in the brain.

Olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, auditory/vestibular nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve (or spinal accessory nerve), and hypoglossal nerve

What is the trajectory of the sciatic nerve?

It passes deep in the buttock and down the back of the thigh all the way to the heel and sole of the foot.

It is the body's outer layer.

integumentary system

dermis is the middle layer of the skin

true

hypodermis is the bottom layer of the skin.

true

hypodermis is the thickest layer of the skin

false

glands are found throughout the skin

true

These glands produce oil through the skin, which are they?

Sebaceous glands

melanin is a substance that produces color to the skin, hair and eyes.

true

melanin does not absorb harmful UV rays and protect your cells from sun damage.

false

melanin is produced in melanocytes.

true

What is the digestive system consisting of?

The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of their function) are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract

true

Located in your throat near your trachea, what part of the digestive system is it?

esophagus

What is another name for the stomach, a hollow organ?

container

Name the sections of the stomach.

Fundus, cardia, pylorus, antrum, and body.

How long is the small intestine?

22-foot long

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Where is the ascending colon found?

colon

What are the sphincters?

circular muscles that open and close passages in the body

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates.

true

The pancreas does not make insulin.

false

The liver's main job within the digestive system is not to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

false

The organ stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.

gallbladder

It's a 6 foot long muscular tube that connects rectum to the small intestine.

colon

Is a straight 8 inch chamber that connects the anus to the colon.

rectum

It's the last part of the digestive tract.

anus

Where does the digestive system begin?

mouth

What is the action of swallowing called?

deglutition

When the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, what is it called?

bolus

Where is the cardia found?

stomach

What is the name of the fluid in the stomach that is used to destroy the food?

Gastric juice

the parotid glands, the sublingual glands, and the submandibular glands.

salivary glands