Arts in Western Civilization- Unit Test 1

The oldest surviving art objects are _____

sculptures

Besides architecture, the predominant art form of Mesopotamia was ___________________

bas-relief sculpture

Much of what we know about ancient Egypt comes from the surviving _____

tombs

Where Greek philosophy stressed harmony, order, and clarity of thought, Greek art and architecture reflected a similar respect for ____________

balance

The earliest (800 BC) vase design was called the _______ style, because the figures and ornaments were primarily geometric shapes.

geometric

Although the Romans copied the ______ statues wholesale to satisfy the fad for Hellenistic art, they gradually developed their own distinctive style.

Greek

Still one of the world's largest buildings in terms of sheer mass, the ________ was so efficiently laid out that it inspired present-day stadium designs.

Colesseum

_____: Carved and painted kachina dolls out of cottonwood roots to represent gods and teach religions. Also decorated ceremonial underground kivas in Arizona with elaborate mural paintings of agricultural deities.

Hopi

Much Native American art was inspired by _______

visions

Around 1904-08, the ___________ discovered African and South Pacific sculpture. Matisse, Derrain, and Vlaminfck were key painters who enthusiastically collected African masks.

fauves

The impermanence of ________ sand paintings, destroyed at the end of a rite, influenced Abstract Expressionists to focus on the process of artistic creation rather than the end product.

Navaho

The name of the church ______________ means "holy wisdom".

Hagia Sophia

The exterior of __________ churches was rather plain except for sculptural relief around the main portal.

Romanesque

Some of the richest, purely, ornamental drawings ever produced are contained in the illuminated gospel called the __________ (760-820), collection of Trinity College, Dublin, produced by Irish monks.

Book of Kells

Gothic cathedrals were such a symbol of civic pride that an invader's worst insult was to pull down the_______ of a conquered town's cathedral.

tower

The chief forms of inspirational decoration in Gothic cathedrals were sculpture, stained glass, and _____________

tapestries

________ Cathedral was the visible soul of the Middle Ages.

Chartres

________ became the medium of choice during the Renaissance

Oil on Canvas

__________ did more to create the concept of the artist-genius than anyone else.

Leonardo

The artist _________ "felt the sculpture was most godlike".

Michelangelo

While artists of the Italian Renaissance "looked to Classical antiquity for inspiration, northern Europeans looked to ________."

nature

The ______ is the oldest "technique for making prints."

woodcut

The artist Albrecht Altdorfer "is credited with the first pure ____ painting in Western art.

landscape

In an effort to be original, Late renaissance, or ________, artists abandoned realism based on observation of nature

Mannerist

The name ____________ came from the Italian term " di maniera,' meaning a work of art done according to an acquired style rather than depicting nature.

Mannerism

The most remarkable figure of the Renaissance working in Spain was the painter _________.

El Greco

Artists now termed as Baroque came to _____ from all of Europe to study the masterpieces of Classical antiquity and the High Renaissance then returned to their homes to give what they had learned their own particular spin.

Rome

The Baroque era began in _____ around 1600 with Catholic popes financing magnificent cathedrals and grand works to display their faith's triumph after the Counter Reformation and to attract new worshipers by overwhelming them with theatrical, 'must see' architecture.

Rome

One of the most successful "i tenebrosi" painters was the Italian artist _______, "the first woman painter to be widely known and appreciated."

Artemisisa Gentileschi

Bernini's masterpiece- and the culmination of Baroque style- was "The Ecstasy of St. _______."

Theresa

During the Baroque era, what Caravaggio did for painting, __________________ did for architecture.

Francesco Barromini

The artist ____________ "specialized in flattering portraits of elegant aristocrats, posed informally to give the official portrait new liveliness."

Van Dyke

Before the Baroque era, landscape views were little more than background for whatever was going on in the front of the picture. The _______ established landscapes as deserving of its own artistic treatment.

Dutch

Rembrandt van Rijn "is considered the most accomplished _________ ever. He handled the needle with such skill and speed, his etchings convey the spontaneity of a sketch.

etcher

The painter Johanes Vermeer was "called the ________ of Delft because of the mystery about his life."

sphinx

Since religious art was forbidden in Puritan churches and the taste for mythological subjects never caught on, ______ art was limited almost exclusively to portraits.

English

England's main contribution to Baroque was St. Paul's Cathedral, designed by ______________.

Sir Christopher Wren

Nicolas Poussin was the "most famous French painter of the ______ century."

seventeenth (17th)

The pinnacle of Baroque opulence was the magnificent chateau of _________ transformed from a modest hunting lodge to the largest palace in the world.

Versailles

"Rococo was born in ______, where is coincided with the reign of Louis XV" and was primarily "a form of interior decoration."

Paris

In 1738, ___________ - mania swept Europen as excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum offered the first glimpse of well-preserved ancient art."

archeology

The hallmark of the Neoclassical style was severe, precisely drawn figures, which appeared in the foreground without the illusion of depth, as in _____ relief sculpture.

Roman

The first American-born painter to win international acclaim was _______________.

Benjamin West

The American painter _______________ "was the first colonial to have a work exhibited abroad."

John Singleton Copley

"'________________!' the German writer Geothe proclaimed, a credo that sums up Romantic art."

Feeling is all

_____________ liberated painting from the Classical concept of color as a tint applied over forms defined by line drawings.

Delacroix

The generation of painters after the ___________ School tackled more far-flung landscapes.

Hudson River

________________ was the nineteenth century's leading painter of animals.

Rosa Bonheur

The last great literal portrait painter (before the camera made such art less in demand) was ___________________.

John Singer Sargent

_____________: degree of light or dark in a color

Values

___________: art on a flat surface based on drawing and use of line (as opposed to color or relief; especially applied to printmaking.

Graphic

______________: pertaining to monuments; heroic scale.

Monumental

The Arts and crafts movement was influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and earlier _________ art group formed in 1848 to restore art to the "purity" of Italian art before Raphael.

English

Jacob Riis was "a New York ________- who had direct experience with the violence of sordid city slums."

police reporter

Julia Margaret Cameron wanted "to capture nothing less than ______________."

ideal beauty

What is the central question? (umbrella question)

"What does it mean to be human?"

What are the more specific questions of life? (4)

1. Does God exist?

2. Does life have meaning?

3. What is love?

4. What is beauty?

The study of art is.....

never just about art

How much time does the average person spend looking at a work of art?

15 seconds

the Ancient Period (years)

Prehistoric - A.D. 400

the Medieval Period (years)

400-1300

The Renaissance (years)

1300-1600

Baroque to Romanticism (years)

1600-1850

The Modern Age and Beyond (years)

1850- present

Western tradition has favored the (objective or subjective) view of beauty, historically.

objective

What are the three challenges when looking at art?

single and static image, no sound, all at once

What is the original title of "The Awakening Conscience"?

The Still Small Voice

What is considered the first masterpiece of world sculpture?

the Venus (woman) of Willendorf

Describe the Venus of Willendorf.

a limestone figurine of a female, discovered in the Austrian village of Willendorf in 1908

What is the art and cultural values (observation)?

art reflects the values and beliefs of the people who made it

What is the significance of figurative sculpture?

for the first time in history artists began to produce images of the human body that were more true to nature (movement;beatuy, a combination of naturalism and idealism)

What was the most popular subject in western art?

the human body

When did Greek sculpture originate?

around the middle of the seventh century B.C.

What does "Kouros" mean, and what was it?

it means young man, and it was a standing, nude male with a frontal stance and the left foot forward, fists clenched and the "archaic smile"

What were the functions of the Kouros?

a representation of a god, an object offered as a dedication to a god, a funeral service... (not 100% sure)

Describe the Kore

standing female, clothes, maybe Egyptian antecedent

Describe Kritios Boy

c. 480 BC, 3'10" tall, early example of contrapposto (a human figure standing with most of its weight distributed on one foot... natural stance)

Polykleitos of Argos

one of the most celebrated and influential sculptors of antiquity (c. 450-420 BC)

What did polykleitis do?

he published a theoreitcal text titled Canon in which he worked out, in mathematical terms, the ratios and proportions of the beautiful body

(Greek) What was the character trait most often associated with artists?

competitiveness

What is the story of Apelles and Protogenes?

They had a competition to see who could draw the thinnest line. Apelles won.

What is the story of Zeuxis and Parrahius?

They had a competition to see who could make the most realistic art. Parrahius won with his realistic curtain.

Should an artist be held responsible for his or her art?

no