idk

FIrst Newspaper year?

1690-Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic

was closed after one edition- Governor and council said could not publish without permission of gov

Penny press newspaper known for

Sold for 1 cent

was first to be not from single party

SUN

gossip and scandals-payoffs common

i.e yellow journalism

relied on mass circulation and ads for profit

Yellow Journalism

late 1900 th century

Cartoons & comics to give info

that featured pictures, comics, color, and

sensationalized news coverage

Accused of inciting anarchy

began publishing exagerated or sensational content to attract viewers

Muckracking

Newspaper expose misconduct in government, business, individual politicians and journalism

i.e unfair prices

Invented by Teddy Roosevelt during progressive era

named after a rake designed to collect manuer

Progressive Era- turnd investigative skills to uncover misconduct

Fireside chat Radio

started to promote new deal and Political Issues

NPR National Public radio-not baised leaning toward left receives federal funding as well as private donations (political Culture social

(FDR)

CSPAN

coverage of congressional proceedings, as well as major political events when Congress is not in session.

It also produces some of its own programming, such as Washington Journal, which invites scholars and journalists to speak about topics pertaining to their areas of expertise.

Because the content of C-SPAN can be erudite, technical, and sometimes downright tedious (such as the fixed camera shot of the Senate during a roll-call vote), audiences tend to be very small, but they are loyal and give C-SPAN its place as a truly content-driven news source

Nitty Gritty with news

Press Breifing

Press Secretary comes out to talk to press

Normally about one subject only

Press Conference

President or elected official comes out to talk

Press Release

an official statement delivered to members of the news media for the purpose of providing information

Equal Time Rule

stations must provide equivalent access to competing political candidates.

FCC

on the record

means anything in a communication may be publicly disclosed.

off the record

means anything in a communication may not be publicly disclosed.

On background

not for attribution,” means the reporter may quote the source directly but may not attribute the statements to the source by name

“according to WH source”

Deep Background

may not be quoted directly and may not be identified in any way.

sometimes called the Lindley Rule, named after Ernest K. Lindley, a Newsweek columnist who used it during the Harry Truman administration to persuade U.S. leaders to discuss military and diplomatic affairs.

Narrowcasting

the transmission of television programs, especially by cable, to a localized specialist audience.

(racial ethnic religious)-broadcast to alienated groups

• Could lead to increased polarization

• message controled by political leaders

• social fragmentation

• 700 club(40 years)

• BET

s creates echo chambers ie

hyperpersonalization-News audiences divided along partisan lines

promotes personal ideas

Media covering the Presidency

White House press briefing room

President can appear on short notice to interrupt live programing

fewer press briefings under TRUMP

power of this position has grown with time

i.e press secretary- presidency depend on spin from this individual to win over the media

thus president chooses close aides

Media covering Congress

with 535 voting members is difficult to cover

Concentrate on 3

-Leaders of both parties( majority, minority,Speaker of House and spokeperson, Whips

- key committee chairs

-Heads of comittee( Appropiations and judiaciary)

mostly negative

some think is responble for publics bad perception

Media covering Supreme Court

lack of knowledge

• court communication

• adequate media coverage

judicial branch does not care about media coverage

• Justices rarely grants interviews( tweets)

media has framed issues as political or insincere and has lost public support

few reporters

NO cameras in Supreme Court

hold arguements remotely after covid

and release audio recording

COVID forced arguments remotely and audios available to public

News effects

influence of news sources on public opinion

3 ways

• agenda setting

• Framing issues in a particular manner/ influence public opinion

• indirectly influence how public views politicians and gov

  • control flow of info-expose scandals(Trump,Biden, Watergate)

How does bias show appear in news?

calling people an “EXTREME conservatist”

more males than women

celebrity status of journalist and from elite backgrounds

Journalist want a good story so they inject spice and drama

Framing

Process by which a news organization defines a political issue and affects opinion about the issue

Prior restraint

may not limit speech or publication before they occur

• generally because first amendment

  The Supreme Court, in the 1971 case of New York Times v. U.S. that involved the publication of the Pentagon Papers, ruled that prior restraint can only be used in extremely rare cases where national security is at stake, which was not the case here. Prior restraint occurs when the government steps in to prevent the publication of something before it occurs

Right of rebuttal

individual right to be able to defend self on attacks made on TV or RADIO

Corporate Ownership & Media Consolidation

Private ownership(mixed blessing)

drin by profits

-Good

• Media independence

• greater pressure to consolidate eliminate OPPS(join powers)

-Bad

• Ads

• Sensationalism

• limit flow

• avoid storied tht might alienate audiences, executives

• alienate audiences

China-market pressure to journalism that dont exist in state run systems

US system- for profit

top 6 media chains account for 90% of news media content

Time Warner owns CNN and AOL( top most visited)

traditional industries primary concern in price manipulation,

• consolidation of media poses more risk

Big groups limit flow of info

“big business in bed with big goverment in washington, influences avrage person

Pluralist Theory

Political power is distributed among a wide array of diverse and competing interest groups

diff groups hold diff sources

group compete for resources

Disturbance Theory

Interest groups form ONLY as a result of a disturbance or changes in the political system

Transaction Theory

Public policies are the result of narrowly defined exchanged or transactions among political actors

opposite of pluralist

interest groups based on transactions so only people that ahve funds for transactions can form this group ie ELITE

Free rider

Want benefits without contributing

Patron

group who finances group or individual

Lobbying

Top of interest groups agendas

Effectively persue their policy agendas by seeking to persuade political leaders to support the group position

Grassroots Lobying

Get voters to serve as their advocates

from bottom up

fox news most popular news cable outlet

. Radio and TV talk-show hosts, both conservative and liberal, try to stir up their listeners by urging them to contact their representatives in Washington, D.C

#METOO

Amicus Curae Briefs

oportunity from person not involved from case to say perspective

legal opinion testimony

• says possible outcomes

Inform the justices of the groups policy preferences offered in the guise of legal argument

Interest groups lobbying takes 2 forms

•Business Groups

• –Military-industrial complex

  Ethnic Interest Groups

  –American Israel Public Affairs Committees

  –Cuban-American National Foundation

• Foreign Governments and Companies

  –Acquiring foreign aid, preventing hostile legislationDirect Sponsorship

•Ideological-public interest Groups

–Think tanks, nongovernmental organizations

•Disagreements along party lines

–Republicans more assertive, unilateral

–Democrats more inclined toward diplomacy, use of international institutions

• Filing of amicus Curiae brief

they must b convinced benefits outweigh cost

interest groups must raise money

• special eventts

• patrons

Radio News

Fireside chats(FDR)

Media revolution

center of most homes in evening

people rarely heard voice of president

back seat to TV by 1950’s

comeback at 1980’s with AM

No talk radio- liberals

NPR-not baised-receives gov funding

34 owners operations 119 broadcast TV stations across US

News Media

Component of larger mass media- provide the public info about political people

print,broadcast, new media

developed sybiotic relationship with goverment

fourth estate

Code of Ethics in News Media

published by society of professional journalist

• avoid conflict of interest(brother cover brothers scandal)

• verifying info being reported

• ethically deal w sources

US gov regulates media ownership and content

Telecom Act of 1996

deregulated whole segemnts of the electronic media, paving way for greater media consolidation

1996

ALL news media 90% is owned by 6-single companyallowed to own 45%-multimedia

provide optimal balance of competing corporate interest

This deregulation, however, resulted in the sudden merger of previously distinct kinds of media in order to create a more “multimedia” approach to communicating information and entertainment. This merger paved the way for the formation of multimedia corporations such as Viacom, Warner Media, and Comcast, and the media consolidation discussed later in this chapter

network neutrality ie content regulation

This merger paved the way for the formation of multimedia corporations such as Viacom, Warner Media, and Comcast, and the media consolidation

5 Trends of modern media

• coorporate ownership and increasing consolidation of media outlets

• narrowcasting to attract certain population

• growth of infotainment

• increasing use of experts

• rise of citizen journalist

Framing

Process of how news orgs defines a political issue and affect opinions

Mass Media

Entire array of orgs through which info is collect and decimated into to public

primary lens of culture and politics

Digital Media

news published found on web

Majority-62 percent—get news on social media, and 18 percent do so often, according to the Pew Research Center. One in five Americans tend to say they rely primarily on social media for news

Political leaders use social media sites to broadcast live events, to organize supporters, to raise money, and to attack their opponents.

podcast driven by growth of smartphone use

Subscription model-LIVE FEEDS

enabled individuals to be more directly involved in creating and interpreting the news and organizing around shared political beliefs

less knowledgable about major news

The growth of the use of smartphones, better content, and increased distribution have increased the popularity of podcasts, especially for those under 35. More than one-third of Americans report consuming a podcast about news, politics, or international news in the last month,

challanged revenue of news industry

NPR

covers a variety of cultural and socially important issues.

receives government funding as well as private donations, and does not air solely political content.

Studies of the overall political coverage of NPR, moreover, have failed to find any overt liberal bias. Radio reaches hundreds of million listeners each week, with all Americans spending nearly 15 billion hours listening to radio each month.

Local radio is a vital resource especially to rural communities, home to one-fifth of the U.S. population, providing them with entertainment and important news and emergency information they rely on each day. Religious broadcast station owners are a growing presence among broadcasters, with thirty-four owners operating 119 full-power broadcast television stations across the U.S. in small markets that include rural areas

How many stations do 34 owners have?

119

Commercial broadcast

ABC CBS NBC

—have maintained stable audiences over the last decade, with a viewership of over 23 million for evening news.

As the nation adjusted to increasing restrictions intended to slow the spread of the coronavirus, Sunday morning political talk shows saw surges in viewership in 2020. The three networks’ online presences remain among the top domestic news destinations

.13 Among cable news outlets that provide twenty-four-hour news channels, Fox News is the most prominent, drawing an average of 2.4 million viewers during evening primetime and 1.5 million viewers during the day in 2017 (its best year on record),

followed by MSNBC with 1.6 million primetime viewers, which outpaced CNN with just over 1 million viewers.14 There are some demographic differences that stand out among respondents to surveys about political news sources. For example, women are much more likely than men to favor network TV, and while those who name Fox News as their main news source are predominantly White, nearly half of those who rely on CNN identify as some other race or ethnicity. Cable and satellite providers also give consumers access to a less glitzy and more unfiltered source of news.

For example, C-SPAN is a basic cable channel that offers gavel-to-gavel coverage of congressional proceedings, as well as major political events when Congress is not in session. It also produces some of its own programming, such as Washington Journal, which invites scholars and journalists to speak about topics pertaining to their areas of expertise. Because the content of C-SPAN can be erudite, technical, and sometimes downright tedious (such as the fixed camera shot of the Senate during a roll-call vote), audiences tend to be very small, but they are loyal and give C-SPAN its place as a truly content-driven news source

Setbacks of journalism

6 people to 1: 3600 members in congress

how to ethicaly deal w sources

grapple with the competitive nature of the news business-. The pressure to get the story right is often weighed against the pressure to get the story first,

News leaks

wikileaks

disclosure of confidential info made by anon source

Espionage Act

Leakers prosecuted & not Journalist who publish

Unauthorized disclosures of related to national security

Deepest bias

is desire to get good story

What percentage of American trust in media

13%

what fraction of people value media

7/10

Section 230

spare social media sites from being held liable for the posts, photos, and videos they allow or remove.

The hearing left Facebook, Google, and Twitter facing conflicting pressures— from Democrats who say they should patrol their sites and services more aggressively and Republicans who felt the companies should have a more hands-off role with most political speech

Accuracy in Media Report and

Fairness and Accuracy in reporting

critique news story and attempt to set the record straight on important issue they feel recieved bias coverage

Content regulation

limitation on substances of mass media

ISP

internet service providers

• have tried to put limitations

• Internet service providers (ISPs) have also attempted to limit users’ access to pirated movies and music, slowing the network connections of those suspected of using illegal file-sharing programs

A&M v Napster

2001

9th circuit court ruled against file sharing

infringed copyright of record companies

Open Internet order

2015, which bans ISPs, like Comcast, AT&T, and Verizon, from blocking, throttling, and paid-prioritization fast lanes

how regulate net

The Internet poses a regulatory challenge for the U.S. government. On the one hand, there is a need to protect intellectual property and ensure the Internet can profitably distribute content. On the other hand, consumers and businesses alike are concerned that Internet service providers and the government should treat all data on the Internet equally.

When the Federal Communications Commission repealed the laws that protected consumers from companies themselves determining Internet speeds—net neutrality rules—fears arose that the Internet will come to resemble cable TV, in which a handful of big companies dominate broadcasting and charge customers more for faster service

Stop Online Privacy act (SOPA) & Protect IP act (PIPA)

These acts, which were supported by content producers such as the Recording Industry Association of America and the Motion Picture Association of America, would have given officials the power to shutter entire Internet domains if federal law enforcement officers suspected they were infringing on copyright laws.

Opponents of the law, concerned that the government could potentially have the power to shut down any Web site at will, feared the consequences of such a mandate. An Internet “blackout” led by online content providers such as Wikipedia and Google raised citizens’ awareness of these bills. During early January 2012, Google estimates that more than 7 million people petitioned Congress, asking members to vote against SOPA and PIPA, ultimately leading to the defeat of both pieces of legislation.46

Concern of Internet growth?

becoming like cable handful of companies control all

—fears arose that the Internet will come to resemble cable TV, in which a handful of big companies dominate broadcasting and charge customers more for faster service.

FOX effect

CNN effect

These effects result when a network chooses an ideologically favorable storyline—true or untrue—to cover almost ad nauseam. In so doing, the network sets the agenda both for partisans, who adopt the storyline being sold, and for other news networks, who feel compelled to address the issue.51

Hyper personalization

create “walls” between them and may contribute to social fragmentation.

As companies like Google, Microsoft, Apple, and Facebook have begun directing personalized searches and news feeds, users have been categorized into neatly defined clusters

digital networked media may also have important political and social consequences.

Infotainment

TV programming that blends political news and information with entertainment

Humanize candidate

These shows present news w bias.

They have no obligation to deliver the day’s most important news, if that news is too depressing, too complicated or too boring. Their sole allegiance is to comedy.”

popular news sources among younger

Americans, who are often jaded by the conventions of traditional journalism and politics

Infotainment, overall, makes political news and events more accessible to Americans.

But research has shown that the effects of infotainment may be clearest for those who are highly attentive to politics. Watching soft news about politics makes sophisticates’ political behavior more consistent. In essence, for these people, infotainment acts as an information shortcut that helps them to better remember facts and figures about the governmental process.54

The effects of infotainment on less sophisticated audiences, however, are not as clear

SNL

Research has shown effect of infotainment can

connect w citizens

make political events more accessible

clearest for citizens who already the most knowledgeable

Pundits

Talking Heads

Experts

try to brainwash audiences

the news media employ expert consultants from a number of different disciplines, ranging from medical ethics to political campaigning

during the 2016 presidential campaign, one could not turn on the TV or read a newspaper without encountering a stable full of government officials, campaign consultants, former candidates, academics, and other experts giving their thoughts about the election.

What are concers about Pundits/experts

Not clear how objective they are-for example,

• had ties to one of the two major candidates

• political operatives closely connected to the Democratic and Republican Parties and to members of Congress

may weaken democratic liberation

• have official-sounding titles such as “strategist” or “former administration official,” viewers assign privilege to experts’ beliefs and do not take time to form their own political opinions.

Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act

Reguired register and file quarterly financial reports for lobbyist

Lobbying Disclosure Act

mployed a strict definition of lobbyist (one who devotes at least 20 percent of a client’s or employer’s time to lobbying activities

and required lobbyist to

1) register with the clerk of the House and the secretary of the Senate; TOUGHEER

(2) report their clients and issues and the agency or house they lobbied; and

(3) estimate the amount they are paid by each client

HonestLeadership and Open Gov act of 2007

Implemented because of lobbying scndal

ban of gifts and honoraria worth over %50 to members of congress

Their staffs, tougher disclosure requirements, and longer time limits on moving from the federal government to the private lobbying sector.

Many observers complained, however, that the law did not go far enough. In particular, many commentators were critical of the fact that the ban on gifts applied only to private lobbyists. Thus, state and local agencies and public universities, for example, are still free to offer tickets for football and basketball games, as well as to provide meals and travel.

Ethics in Government Act 1978

2 year waiting period between leaving exectuive branceh and lobbying ones former agency

also banned members of the administration from accepting gifts from lobbyists.

Via an executive order made in the early days of his administration, President Donald J. Trump announced an “ethics pledge” that banned people from lobbying those in the executive branch for whom they worked directly in the last two years, but allowed them to work elsewhere in the government immediately. .

PAC POLTICAL ACTION COMITTE

recognized for funding orgs that represent interest groups and is allowed by federal law to make contributors directly to candidates campaigns

Entitlement Programs

Goverment benefits which all citizens meeting eligibility criteria such as agesuch as age, income level, or unemployment

–Non–means-tested

–Means-tested

No means tested programs

provide cash assitance to qualifed benefciares

regardless of income

among these

social security and unemployment

Means tested programs

Programs requiring benifiicares to have incomes below sepciafied levels to be eligible

SSI

TANF

SNAP

MEDICAID

PRODUCING NON DEPENDENT PEOPLE BY MAKING THEM RELIABLE ON ASSITANCE

Fiscal Policy

Use of national gov taxing and spending polices to maintain economic stability and promote prosperity

including concerns about unemployment, inflation, and the risk of recession or depression.

The federal government has generally run a budget deficit, which can have negative consequences for the economy over the long term. The overall national debt has also been rising for more than three decades, which has been exacerbated in recent years due to the combined effects of tax cuts, increased military and national security spending, the 2008–2009 bailout and stimulus bills, and the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic

No Child left behind (NCLB)

Was designed to monitor student achivements in schools paying attention special disadvantaged student population

achievement in schools, paying special attention to disadvantaged student populations. The aim was to set high standards and establish measurable goals as a method of improving American education across states.

Every Student Succeeds Act ESSA

which restores greater control to states over issues of accountability, teacher quality, and school improvement. ESSA also largely withdrew federal support for the Common Core State Standards Initiative

Common Core

ambitious plan to set nationwide standards for all primary and secondary school students that has been widely criticized for reinforcing a one-size-fits-all approach and overemphasizing rote learning over true comprehension.

Vouchers

certificates issued by the government that may be applied toward the cost of attending private or other public schools.

Charter Schools

semipublic schools founded by universities, corporations, or concerned parents. They have open admission and receive some support from the government; they may also receive private donations to increase the quality of education. The Trump administration, and in particular Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, tilted the support of the federal government toward charter schools, which they viewed as more effective vehicles for learning and as opportunities for parents to assert more control over their children’s education

Top News sources in TV

FOX NEWS 16% AND CNN 12%

School choice

if a child is attending a failing school, students and their parents should have the option to enroll at a more successful institution. In some cases, this may mean sending a child to another public school in the district or to a private school

internal media critics, or ombudsmen

who assess how well their newspaper and its reporters are performing their duties

Journalist check Journalist

Open internet order

2015, which bans ISPs, like Comcast, AT&T, and Verizon, from blocking, throttling, and paid-prioritization fast lanes.

The so-called “net neutrality” rule was a victory for Web-based companies such as Google and Yahoo, which argued that any other ruling would infringe on users’ First Amendment rights.

President Trump’s FCC issued an order, which took effect in June 2018, rolling back the “net neutrality” rule,

argue that broadband companies will raise prices, stifle online competition, and selectively control the speed of access to certain content as a result of the repeal of net neutrality

NEW DEAL BY FDR

3 Rs

Relief

Recovery

Reform

Rewrote book of federal intervention in the economy

Vulnerable citizens would get help

Social Security act-

potrayed as fdr as doctor to US who is sick

Ben Franklins Paper 1730

The Pennsylvania Gazette

Filled with funny writing and essays and ads

Colonial News

aka Revolutionary Tracts

1700 newspapers more like newsletters or essay

Writers Partisan( favor one side)

often attacked rival groups

200 newspapers published by 1800

Why Free press?

Freedom of press in BIll of Rights

parallel to members of goverment

Watchdog Journalism

looking at problems with city gov and industries such as railroads and food processing

Beat

Regular Subject area

for example journalist A assiged trump journalis B Biden

Process of News Reporting

Beat

Builds Trust and interacts

Review sources and available public records

look for records

Citizen Journalist

Blogs and websites

individual people-Cheaper than hiring reporters

compared to tracts

new perspective

mostly opinion

lack funds but save cost of production

inaccurate reporting

White house correspondent

only allowed to enter and ask q’s

assigned seats Q&A w press secretary

Variation In media

Independents vs strong partisans

foreign policy coverage

• how to verify? (foreign)

• We have other sources(domestic)

Elite Bias

Big bussiness bias greater than working class problems

National Groups Emerge

1830-1889

like Womens Christians temperence-porhibition

The Grange- teach farmers about laters agricultural develipments and seek legislation

american anti slavery society

Progressive era

1890-1920

Public interest group membership soured as groups fought for the rights and welfare of black americans women and the elderly poor people and consumers

conservatis launched their own interest groups. The Rev. Jerry Fallwell founded the Moral Majority in 1978. The Moral Majority played an important role in electing Ronald Reagan president in 1980. Ten years later televangelist Pat Roberts formed the Christian Coalition, whose influence was crucial to the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994.

But religious groups aren't the only conservative organizations with power. The National Rifle Association has raised and spent a great deal of money to defeat gun control laws. Business and labor groups have also risen in power. We have the Chamber of Commerce and the Business Roundtable, as well as the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

American Federation of Labor

1886, no real national union activity had taken place. The AFL brought skilled workers from several trades together into one stronger national organization for the first time in American history. As the AFL grew in power, many business owners began to press individually or collectively to quash the unions. As business interests pushed states for what are called open shop laws to outlaw unions from organizing workers in their factories, the AFL became increasingly political. It also was forced to react to the success of big businesses’ use of legal injunctions to prohibit union organization. In 1914, massive lobbying by the AFL and its members led to passage of the Clayton Act, which labor leader Samuel Gompers hailed as the Magna Carta of the labor movement. This law allowed unions to organize free from prosecution and guaranteed their members’ right to strike—a powerful weapon against employers

by 1950 30% of working American were in union

Clayton Act

allowed unions to strike

which labor leader Samuel Gompers hailed as the Magna Carta of the labor movement. This law allowed unions to organize free from prosecution and guaranteed their members’ right to strike—a powerful weapon against employers.

What consequencues of labor unions

Employer unions >

AFL-CIO

pressuring the government to protect employers at the bargaining table and to other issues of concern to its members,

including minimum-wage laws, workplace safety, civil rights, medical insurance, and health care.

Organized labor began to wield potent political power, as it was able to turn out its members in support of particular political candidates, many of whom were Democrats. More recently, the political clout of organized labor has waned at the national level

. Membership peaked at about 30 percent of the workforce in the late 1940s.