time period 3 apush key ids

Ohio Valley

The land that both Britain and France wanted control over; sparked the French and Indian War.

French and Indian War

1754–1763 conflict between Britain and France (with Native allies) over North America; part of Seven Years’ War.

Albany Congress

1754 meeting to unite colonies for defense; Ben Franklin’s “Join, or Die” cartoon promoted it.

Fort Duquesne (General Braddock)

French fort where British General Braddock was defeated early in the French and Indian War.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian War; Britain gained Canada and land east of the Mississippi.

Pontiac’s War

1763 Native uprising in Great Lakes led by Pontiac; protested British expansion after war.

Proclamation of 1763

British law banning settlement west of Appalachians; angered colonists eager to expand.

republicanism

Idea of government based on the people’s consent and civic virtue, not monarchy.

Navigation Acts

Laws controlling colonial trade to benefit Britain under mercantilism.

Sugar Act of 1764

First British tax on colonies; taxed imported sugar; aimed to raise revenue.

Quartering Act of 1765

Required colonists to house and feed British soldiers.

Stamp Act of 1765

Tax on paper products; sparked massive colonial protests and “no taxation without representation.”

admiralty courts

Courts without juries used to try smugglers under trade laws.

“no taxation without representation”

Colonial slogan against taxation by Parliament without colonial representation.

“virtual” representation

British claim that Parliament represented all subjects, even without colonial members.

Stamp Act Congress (nonimportation agreements)

Colonial meeting protesting Stamp Act; organized boycotts (nonimportation agreements).

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

Colonial protest groups who intimidated tax collectors and enforced boycotts.

Declaratory Act

1766 law asserting Parliament’s right to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

Townshend Acts of 1767

Placed taxes on glass, paper, paint, and tea; led to protests.

Boston Massacre (Crispus Attucks)

1770 clash where British troops killed colonists, including Crispus Attucks.

Committees of Correspondence

Organized by Samuel Adams to spread resistance and coordinate action.

Tea Act of 1773

Gave East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in colonies; lowered tea price but kept tax.

Boston Tea Party

1773 protest where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

1774 laws punishing Boston for Tea Party; included Boston Port Act and new Quartering Act.

1st Continental Congress (The Association)

1774 meeting that formed The Association, calling for complete boycott of British goods.

Lexington and Concord

1775 “shot heard round the world”; first battles of the Revolution.

“Continental”

Nickname for colonial soldiers fighting against Britain

2nd Continental Congress

1775 meeting that created Continental Army and appointed Washington commander.

Olive Branch Petition

1775 last attempt at peace with Britain; rejected by King George III.

Common Sense (civic virtue)

1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence and republicanism based on civic virtue.

Declaration of Independence

Document written by Jefferson in 1776 declaring independence from Britain.

Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolution.

Saratoga

1777 turning point battle; convinced France to ally with U.S.

Yorktown

1781 final battle of Revolution; British surrendered to Washington.

State constitutions

New governments formed by states after independence; emphasized weak executives and strong legislatures.

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. constitution (1781); weak central government with no power to tax.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Law dividing western lands into townships for sale to pay national debt.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created system for admitting new states; banned slavery in Northwest Territory.

Shays’ Rebellion

1786 farmer revolt in Massachusetts; showed weakness of Articles.

Great Compromise (Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan)

1787 Constitutional compromise combining Virginia Plan (big states) and New Jersey Plan (small states) into bicameral legislature.

Electoral College

System for electing president; compromise between direct vote and Congress.

3/5 compromise

Agreement counting slaves as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation.

Federalists

Supporters of Constitution; favored strong central government.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed Constitution; wanted stronger state governments and Bill of Rights.

The Federalist

Essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay supporting ratification of Constitution.

“civic virtue”

Belief in putting common good above self-interest; key to republican government.

“republican motherhood”

Idea that women should raise children to be virtuous citizens.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to Constitution; guaranteed individual freedoms.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan (tariff, excise tax, Bank of the United States)

Hamilton’s plan: pay debts, protective tariff, excise tax on whiskey, and creation of Bank of the United States.

strict/loose construction (implied powers)

Jefferson supported strict reading of Constitution; Hamilton used loose construction with implied powers.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 revolt by farmers against excise tax on whiskey; crushed by Washington, proving federal authority.

Neutrality Proclamation

1793 statement by Washington keeping U.S. neutral in European wars.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who tried to recruit Americans to fight Britain, violating U.S. neutrality.

Treaty of Greenville (Battle of Fallen Timbers)

1795 treaty after U.S. victory at Battle of Fallen Timbers; Natives gave up Ohio lands.

Jay’s Treaty

1794 treaty with Britain; kept peace but angered Jeffersonians.

Pinckney Treaty

1795 treaty with Spain; gave U.S. navigation rights on Mississippi.

Farewell Address

Washington’s 1796 warning against political parties and permanent alliances.

XYZ affair

1797 scandal where French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats.

Quasi War

Undeclared naval war between U.S. and France (1798–1800).

Convention of 1800

Treaty with France ending Quasi War and alliance from Revolution.

Alien and Sedition Laws (Matthew Lyon)

1798 laws targeting immigrants and critics; congressman Matthew Lyon jailed.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (compact theory)

Jefferson and Madison’s resolutions using compact theory to argue states could nullify federal laws.

Federalist Party

Political party led by Hamilton; favored strong government, industry, pro-British foreign policy.

Democratic-Republican Party

Party led by Jefferson; favored states’ rights, agriculture, pro-french policy