Camilla Study Guide 2: Unit 2-7 -2.3: Memory + Cognition

Memory

Process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Hippocampus

Brain region crucial for explicit memory.

Three-stage Model

Framework of memory: encoding, storage, retrieval.

Encoding

Process of getting information into memory.

Storage

Retaining encoded information over time.

Retrieval

Accessing stored information from memory.

Sensory Memory

Brief retention of sensory input.

Short Term Memory

Holds information for seconds; limited capacity.

Long Term Memory

Stores information indefinitely; potentially infinite.

Central Executive

Controls attention and coordinates working memory.

Working Memory

Active processing of information from long-term memory.

Phonological Loop

Component of working memory for language processing.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Holds visual and spatial information.

Episodic Buffer

Integrates information across domains in memory.

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information.

Effortful Processing

Conscious encoding requiring attention and effort.

Rehearsal

Conscious repetition to enhance memory retention.

Ebbinghaus Curve

Describes decline of memory retention over time.

Spacing Effect

Better retention through distributed practice over time.

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory through retrieval practice.

Serial Position Effect

Recall is better for first and last items.

Recency Effect

Better recall of the last items learned.

Primacy Effect

Better recall of the first items learned.

Mnemonics

Memory aids using associations for easier recall.

Chunking

Grouping information into manageable units.

Method of Loci

Memory technique using spatial associations.

Levels of Processing

Depth of processing affects memory retention.

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

Strengthening of synaptic connections for memory.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory; non-declarative knowledge.

Explicit Memory

Conscious memory; declarative knowledge.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repetition without meaningful connections.

Retrieval Cues

Hints that aid in recalling information.

Context Dependent Memory

Recall improved in the same environment as learning.

State Dependent Memory

Recall improved when in the same biological state.

Mood Congruent Memory

Mood influences recall of memories.

Interference

When new or old information disrupts memory.

Retroactive Interference

New information blocks recall of old information.

Proactive Interference

Old information blocks recall of new information.

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memories prior to an event.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an event.

Repression

Unconscious blocking of distressing memories.

Misinformation Effect

Incorrect information alters memory of an event.

Source Amnesia

Inability to remember the origin of information.

Imagination Inflation

Memory distortion from imagining events.

Tip of the Tongue

Temporary inability to retrieve information.

Morpheme

Smallest unit of meaning in language.

Phoneme

Smallest unit of sound in language.

Grammar

System of rules governing language structure.

Semantics

Meaning of words and phrases.

Syntax

Arrangement of words in sentences.

Receptive Language

Understanding language; linked to Wernicke's area.

Productive Language

Production of language; linked to Broca's area.

Intelligence

Ability to learn, solve problems, adapt.

Intelligence Test

Assessment of cognitive abilities compared to others.

Spearman's General Intelligence

Single factor underlying all cognitive abilities.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Theory identifying diverse types of intelligence.

Stanford-Binet Test

IQ test assessing cognitive abilities.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

MA/CA × 100; average IQ is 100.

Achievement Tests

Assess knowledge or skills in specific areas.