Chapter 1: What is biotechnology

What is the definition of biotechnology?

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, systems, or processes to develop products and technologies for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and environmental management.

What are the three traditional biotechnology products?

yogurt, bread, cheese

What are 2 examples of modern biotechnology products?

Therapeutic drugs and enzymes in laundry degergent

When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

1976

When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?

8000 BC

When was wine first invented?

4000 BC

Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?

Sumerians and Egyptians in 2000 BC

What was the 1st antibiotic used? Which culture? When?

moldy soybean curds in by the Chinese in 500 BC

Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?

Edward Jenner in 1796

Who discovered proteins?

Biochemist Gerard J. P. van Boven in 1838.

When was the origin of species published?

Published by Charles Darwin in 1859.

When was pasteurization first developed?

Developed by Louis Pasteur in 1861.

When did Mendel establish principles of genetics?

in 1865.

Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What Year?

Developed by Louis Pasteur in 1885.

When did the term biotechnology first appear in print?

The term biotechnology first appeared in print in 1919, coined by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky.

Who discovered penicillin? What Year?

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic info?

Oswald Avery

When was the double helix structure of DNA discovered?

1953

When was mRNA discovered?

1961

When was the gene 1st synthesized?

1971

When was the recombinant insulin produced? By which company?

In 1977 by genentech

When was DNA fingerprinting first used?

1984

When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?

1986

When was the human genome project first launched?

1990

What was the first cloned mammal? what Year?

Dolly the sheep in 1997

When was golden rice developed?

1999

When was the human genome project completed?

2003

When was the first HPV vaccine approved?

2003

When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?

2010

When was crispr/cas9 used for gene editing?

2012

When were mRNA vaccines used?

2021

What are the different sectors in biotechnology?

medicine, agriculture, manufacturing, research

What are the key techniques?

molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering

What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?

Can we does not mean should we and prioritize safety and long term impact

What are the tools in biotech?

whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins

What are 2 of the key instruments in biotech?

spectrophotometers, PCR

What is chromatography?

sort

What is gene transferring?

delivery system

What is protein purification?

final product

What is spectrophotometer?

quantify DNA, proteins with light

What is PCR?

used in diagnostics, forensics, cloning

What are the key concepts behind using biotech in national defense?

biosurveillance

Which company was the founding biotech company? What was their first product?

Genentech and humulin

What is the difference between biotech and pharma industries?

Biotech produces bio products while pharma produces chem products

Who are the key users of biotech?

Healthcare, agriculture, forensics, national defense

What is genomics?

study of genome

What is proteomics?

study of all proteins

What is precision medicine?

individual genetic profiles

What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?

Animal testing

What happens during phase 1 clinical trials?

tens of volunteers to test safety

What happens during phase 2 clinical trials?

hundreds of volunteers to test effectiveness

What happens during phase 3 clinical trials?

thousands of volunteers to confirm results

What are the 4 common hazards in a lab?

chem, bio, physical, fire hazard

What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?

training, ppe, procedural awareness

What must initial and recurring training cover?

equipment location, safe handling, emergency responses

What is PPE?

personal protective equipment

When should PPE be worn?

at all times

What is eye protection?

goggles, splash guards, uv face shields

What is hand protection?

latex/nitrile gloves based on hazard type

What are body/foot protection?

lab coats, closed-toe shoes required

What is MSDS?

material safety data sheets detail safe handling and storage

When should fume hoods be used?

handling volatile or hazardous subrtances

What are biosafety levels?

categorization of labs by hazard

What is BSL 1?

teaching lab

What is BSL 2?

human samples

What is BSL 3 and BSL 4?

advance pathogens special isolation, government facilites

How should microorganisms be disposed?

autoclaving or 10% bleach

What tools measure volume?

graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, pipettes, micropipettes

What tools measure mass?

analytical balances

What is a normal body temp?

37 degrees celsius

What is a normal room temp?

22 degrees Celsius

What are pH meters?

measuring pH meters with electrodes

How should glassware be cleaned?

rinse and used autoclaves

What is an autoclave?

pressurized steam to disinfect tools

What are different methods for disinfection?

10% bleach, 70% ethanol, uv light (.22 micrometers)

What is the purpose of a lab notebook?

record methods, results, conclusions

What are SI unites?

grams, liters, degree celsius?

What is the dilution formula?

c1v1-c2v2

What are some examples of microbes being used in food products?

milk, cheese, yogurt, potatoes

How are microbes used in dairy products

turns milk into curds and whey and produces acids that thicken and sours milk

How do microbes break down organic waste?

fix nitrogen, enrich plants

How are microbes used in healthcare?

genetic engineering, produce medicine like insulin

What are pathogens?

harmful bacteria

What is anabolism?

Build up

What is catabolism?

break down

Where does metabolism happen in bacteria?

glycolysis and Krebs cycle

What is fermentation?

the conversion of glucose to energy without oxygen

What are the end products of fermentation?

Lactic acid, acetaldehyde, ethanol

What is glucose

sugar

What is oxidation?

loss of electrons

What is reduction?

gain electrons

What happens when glucose is oxidized?

turns into pyruvate

What is glycolysis?

split glucose

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

it goes through the Krebs cycle

What does fermentation begin with?

the conversion from pyruvate to yeast or converted through lactobacillus

What is lactic acid fermentation?

fermentation to produce lactic acid (muscles and foods)

What is alcoholic fermentation?

fermentation to produce alcohol

Why is fermentation important?

doesn’t waste the glucose when not in the presence of oxygen

What is milk rich in?

sugar, fats minerals, proteins

What is pasteurization?

the process of heating milk to kill pathogens while keeping the same taste