Chapter 1: What is biotechnology
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52 Terms
What is the definition of biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, systems, or processes to develop products and technologies for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and environmental management.
What are the three traditional biotechnology products?
yogurt, bread, cheese
What are 2 examples of modern biotechnology products?
Therapeutic drugs and enzymes in laundry degergent
When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?
1976
When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?
8000 BC
When was wine first invented?
4000 BC
Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?
Sumerians and Egyptians in 2000 BC
What was the 1st antibiotic used? Which culture? When?
moldy soybean curds in by the Chinese in 500 BC
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?
Edward Jenner in 1796
Who discovered proteins?
Biochemist Gerard J. P. van Boven in 1838.
When was the origin of species published?
Published by Charles Darwin in 1859.
When was pasteurization first developed?
Developed by Louis Pasteur in 1861.
When did Mendel establish principles of genetics?
in 1865.
Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What Year?
Developed by Louis Pasteur in 1885.
When did the term biotechnology first appear in print?
The term biotechnology first appeared in print in 1919, coined by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky.
Who discovered penicillin? What Year?
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic info?
Oswald Avery
When was the double helix structure of DNA discovered?
1953
When was mRNA discovered?
1961
When was the gene 1st synthesized?
1971
When was the recombinant insulin produced? By which company?
In 1977 by genentech
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
1984
When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?
1986
When was the human genome project first launched?
1990
What was the first cloned mammal? what Year?
Dolly the sheep in 1997
When was golden rice developed?
1999
When was the human genome project completed?
2003
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
2003
When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?
2010
When was crispr/cas9 used for gene editing?
2012
When were mRNA vaccines used?
2021
What are the different sectors in biotechnology?
medicine, agriculture, manufacturing, research
What are the key techniques?
molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
Can we does not mean should we and prioritize safety and long term impact
What are the tools in biotech?
whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins
What are 2 of the key instruments in biotech?
spectrophotometers, PCR
What is chromatography?
sort
What is gene transferring?
delivery system
What is protein purification?
final product
What is spectrophotometer?
quantify DNA, proteins with light
What is PCR?
used in diagnostics, forensics, cloning
What are the key concepts behind using biotech in national defense?
biosurveillance
Which company was the founding biotech company? What was their first product?
Genentech and humulin
What is the difference between biotech and pharma industries?
Biotech produces bio products while pharma produces chem products
Who are the key users of biotech?
Healthcare, agriculture, forensics, national defense
What is genomics?
study of genome
What is proteomics?
study of all proteins
What is precision medicine?
individual genetic profiles
What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?
Animal testing
What happens during phase 1 clinical trials?
tens of volunteers to test safety
What happens during phase 2 clinical trials?
hundreds of volunteers to test effectiveness
What happens during phase 3 clinical trials?
thousands of volunteers to confirm results