Chapter 13- Cognitive Functions

Felix is left-handed. For him, there is approximately a/an______ chance that his left hemisphere is dominant for his speech production.

80 percent

Which of the following is true?

Each ear of the auditory system sends information to both sides of the brain.

Which of the following is true?

People who grow up in a bilingual home show bilateral activity during speech for both languages.

Reita believes that mental processes and certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, just described differently. Her view would be described as a form of _____.

identity position

Decreased consciousness or loss of consciousness was marked by decreased overall activity and especially by decreased connectivity between the _____ and areas such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia.

cerebral cortex

Tawnya is participating in a research study where she is asked to say out loud the color of the ink that certain words are written in. The challenging part of the study is that the words are color names. She is participating in a way to study attention using _______.

the Stroop effect

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex and other areas relay information to the nearby _____, which responds based on how an expected reward compares to other possible choices.

orbitoFRONTAL cortex

1Rosie is in graduate school studying ______, which is how genes, chemicals, and brain areas contribute to social behavior.

social neuroscience

Helpfulness depends on _____.

emphathy

Approximately half of the axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic ____.

chiasm

Ms. Sabo has a student in her class with Broca's aphasia. That student _____.

a. have difficulty speaking and writing

b. can typically use sign language without impairment

c. have very poor language comprehension

d. produce a lot of words, but they do not make sense

a. has difficulty speaking and writing

Maddie is really good at paying attention to important social cues such as the facial expressions of her friends and coworkers. To do so, she needs _____.

oxytocin

Mr. Kaur holds the opinion that only minds really exist and that the physical world cannot exist unless someone is aware of it. His view is known as _____.

a. identity b. materialism c. dualism d. mentalism

d. mentalism

Weston is not very good at identifying with other people and "feeling their pain." Weston could be described as not having very much ______.

empathy

Who is credited with the first explicit defense of dualism?

a. William James b. René Descartes c. Jean Piaget

d. Paul Broca

b. René Descartes

Delfina recently underwent the "split-brain" procedure in an attempt to relieve her ______.

a. schizophrenia b. migraines c. dementia d. epilepsy

d. epilepsy

Dr. Province is working with a patient with Wernicke's aphasia. His patient has _____.

a. normal language comprehension

b. difficulty finding the right word

c. sparse but meaningful speech

d. inarticulate speech

b. difficulty finding the right word

Diego has been diagnosed with ___. He can speak grammatically and fluently despite having an IQ of 50.

a. Batten disease

b. agenesis of the corpus callosum

c. Williams syndrome

d. holoprosencephaly

c. Williams syndrome

Research involving persistent vegetative states demonstrates that ____.

a. when asked to imagine something, the majority will show brain activity consistent with what they were asked to imagine

b. with training, some may be able to use brain activity patterns to answer simple yes-no questions

c. magnetic stimulation will rapidly produce reliable, wide-spread EEG changes

b. with training, some may be able to use brain activity patterns to answer simple yes-no questions

Pepper is very smart border collie. She seems to understand human language. Scientists would hypothesize that Pepper's _____ hemisphere would respond to meaningful words whereas her _____ hemisphere would respond to intonation (emotion).

left; right

Chomsky and Pinker proposed that humans have a ____, a built-in mechanism for acquiring language.

a. mutated FOXP2 gene

b. phonological loop

c. language acquisition device

d. vocalization trait

c. language acquisition device

The ____ is a large set of axons conveying information between the two hemispheres of the brain.

a. corpus callosum

b. substantia nigra

c. tectum

d. tentorium

a. corpus callosum

The experimental procedure in which a brief visual stimulus is preceded and followed by longer interfering stimuli is called ____.

a. masking b. flash suppression c. contrast interference

d. binocular rivalry

a. masking

Dyslexia is ____.

a. found only in native speakers of certain languages

b. related to cortical asymmetry

c. more common in girls than boys

d. related to difficulty converting symbols into sounds

d. related to a difficulty converting symbols into sounds

Ken is very overconfident and spends all his money gambling because he physiologically cannot consider the consequences of his actions. It is possible that he has damage to his _____.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Michael had a stroke that affected the right side of his brain. When presented with a plate full of food, he seems to ignore the food on the left side. This is most consistent with ____.

a. hemiplegia b. spatial neglect \n c. visual agnosia d. anosmia

b. spatial neglect

The ability to identify with other people and feel their pain almost as if it were your own is best termed ________ . \n a. altruism b. prosocial affect c. sympathy d. empathy

d. empathy

Which substance increases attention to important social cues such as facial expressions? \n a. dopamine b. vasopressin c. oxytocin d. serotonin

c. oxytocin

Studies of the relationship between music and language have found that ________ .

a. in both language and music, we alter the timing to add emphasis or express emotion

b. musical training impedes the acquisition of a second language

c. sensitivity to pitch and to tone of voice are typically unrelated

d. Wernicke's area is strongly activated when orchestral musicians sight-read music

a. in both language and music, we alter the timing to add emphasis or express emotion

Studies of language in bonobos indicate that they ________. \n

a. are unable to follow unfamiliar, unlikely directions

b. use language to describe the present and future but not the past

c. frequently make original, creative requests

d. are better at production than understanding

c. frequently make original, creative requests

What can safely be said about hemispheric specialization?

a. The hemispheres are specialized for different functions.

b. Even complex tasks tend to involve one hemisphere or the other.

c. Right-brain people are more logical than left-brain people.

d. Left-brain people are more creative than right-brain people.

a. The hemispheres are specialized for different functions.

The maturation of the corpus callosum involves both the ________ . \n a. increased myelination and discarding of axons

b. addition of dendrites and addition of axons

c. addition of axons and decreased myelination

d. development of neurons and increased myelination

a. increased myelination and discarding of axons

In general, the right hemisphere is more skilled than the left at ________.

a. doing math

b. understanding language

c. producing language

d. comprehending spatial relationships

d. comprehending spatial relationships

Axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic ________ . \n a. callosum b. striatum c. macula d. chiasm

d. chiasm

When people with psychopathic traits try to imagine someone else's suffering, how does their brain response compare to that of other people?

a. People with psychopathic traits show less response in the cognitive areas of the brain.

b. People with psychopathic traits show less response in the emotional areas of the brain.

c. People with psychopathic traits show less response in both the cognitive and the emotional areas of the brain.

b. People with psychopathic traits show less response in the emotional areas of the brain.

Which hypothesis best summarizes our current understanding about oxytocin?

a. Oxytocin increases attention toward social cues.

b. Oxytocin helps people restrain their emotional responses.

c. Oxytocin increases love and trust.

d. Oxytocin helps people overcome bad habits.

a. Oxytocin increases attention toward social cues.

If someone has spatial neglect of the left side, which of these procedures, if any, would increase attention to a touch sensation on the left side?

a. Ask the person to look to the left during the touch sensation.

b. None of these procedures would have any noticeable effect.

c . Ask the person to listen to music during the touch sensation.

d. Ask the person to look to the right during the touch sensation.

a. Ask the person to look to the left during the touch sensation.

Suppose someone who is trying to divide a horizontal line in half picks a spot far to the right of center. This result suggests probable damage or malfunction in which part of the brain?

a. The right hemisphere

b. The primary visual cortex

c. The left hemisphere

d. The prefrontal cortex

a. The right hemisphere

For people to do well on the Stroop task, activity must increase in the ________ areas of the brain and decrease in the ________ areas.

a. color-vision... word-reading

b. attention... auditory

c. word-reading... attention

d. auditory... color-vision

a. color-vision... word-reading

Certain people in a vegetative state gave possible indication of consciousness by doing what? \n a. Moving their eyes to the left or right to answer yes/no questions.

b. Responding to directions to think about tennis or walking around a house.

c. Squeezing the hand of a loved one.

d. Laughing or crying in response to what someone said.

b. Responding to directions to think about tennis or walking around a house.

People are conscious of a prolonged stimulus, but not one with an extremely short presentation. What happens at an intermediate duration of presentation?

a. People are sometimes conscious of it and sometimes not, and the difference depends only on what happens at that moment.

b. People are sometimes conscious of it and sometimes not, and stimuli after the event can influence the outcome.

c. People report being partly conscious of it.

b. People are sometimes conscious of it and sometimes not, and stimuli after the event can influence the outcome.

What theoretical conclusion do the studies on binocular rivalry support?

a. A stimulus activates much of the brain when you are conscious of it.

b. Damage to the right hemisphere leads to a tendency to neglect the left side of space.

c. Certain people who appear to be in a vegetative state may nevertheless be conscious.

d. Unconscious processes control much of human behavior.

a. A stimulus activates much of the brain when you are conscious of it.

Which of the following activities strongly activates Broca's area? \n a. Folk dancing

b. Competitive swimming

c. Sight-reading music

d. Driving a car

c. sight-reading music

Visual stimuli in the right visual field stimulate: \n a. the right half of each retina. \n b. the left half of each retina. \n c. the right hemisphere. \n d. both hemispheres.

b. the left half of each retina.

Visual stimuli in the left visual field stimulate: \n a. the right half of each retina. \n b. the left half of each retina. \n c. the right hemisphere. \n d. both hemispheres.

b. the left half of each retina.

The difficulty that people normally have with being able to perform separate tasks with each hand \n simultaneously is largely due to: \n a. problems with the corpus callosum. \n b. difficulty planning two actions at once. \n c. inability of the muscles in the left and right hand to work at the same time. \n d. epilepsy.

b. difficulty planning two actions at once.

In the typical split-brain person, the left hand is to ____ as the right hand is to ____. \n a. picking up objects; pointing at objects \n b. pointing at objects; picking up objects \n c. writing words; drawing objects \n d. drawing objects; writing words

d. drawing objects; writing words

\
The corpus callosum matures gradually over the first ____ years of human life. \n a. 2 \n b. 20 \n c. 10 \n d. 4

c. 10

A similarity between a young child and a split-brain patient is that both: \n a. show frequent spontaneous changes in personality. \n b. have trouble describing what they see through the left eye. \n c. have a greater than normal number of back-and-forth eye movements. \n d. have trouble comparing what they feel with the two hands at one time.

d. have trouble comparing what they feel with the two hands at one time.

On average, right-handers turned mostly to the left, and ____ turn mostly to the ____. \n a. left-handers, left \n b. right-handers, right \n c. right-handers, left \n d. left-handers, right

d. left-handers, right

All of the following are explanations for Kanzi and Mulika's language abilities EXCEPT that? \n a. their species may be more adapted to learning language. \n b. learning through imitation is more effective than learning with rewards. \n c. they began learning at an earlier age. \n d. they were given a special diet.

d. they were given a special diet.

Studies of nonhuman language abilities seem to indicate that human language may have evolved \n from a precursor that was probably: \n a. present only in human ancestors. \n b. a byproduct of total brain size. \n c. present in the ancient ancestor from which humans and bonobos evolved. \n d. a single gene mutation.

c. present in the ancient ancestor from which humans and bonobos evolved.

People with full sized brains and normal intelligence: \n a. always have normal language. \n b. usually have normal language, but may not. \n c. have the greatest brain to IQ ratio. \n d. have the largest index fingers.

b. usually have normal language, but may not.

Which of the following tasks would people with Williams syndrome perform normally? \n a. estimating the length of a bus \n b. imagining the bus route to school \n c. drawing a bus \n d. singing “wheels on the bus”

d. singing “wheels on the bus”

People with Williams syndrome develop language slowly at first, and their ____ continues to be \n odd, like that of someone who learned a second language late in life. \n a. prosody \n b. grammar \n c. semantics \n d. phonology

b. grammar

\----- is the idea that the left hemisphere has different functions from the right hemisphere

lateralization

Language ability is primarily localized in the --- hemisphere

left

cutting the corpus callosum prevents the ----------- between the two brain hemispheres

sharing of information

\--- of right-handed individuals has dominant speech production in the left hemisphere

95%

True or false: speech comprehension is divided almost equally between the left and the right hemisphere

True, but the left understands speech a little bit better than the right

the brain eventually learns to use ---- between the left and right hemispheres to avoid conflicts between them

smaller connections like the anterior commissure

the ----- hemisphere is better at perceiving/recognizing emotions

right

Johnny tends to speak in a monotone voice and has difficulty understanding things like humor or sarcasm. What are of Johnny’s brain is damaged?

the right hemisphere

In general, the left hemisphere seems to focus more on ---- while the right hemisphere tends to focus more one -----.

details; overall patterns

The genetic mutation of gene ---- has an impact on the development of the jaw and throat which are essential for speech.

FOXP2

A rare disorder in which mentally retarded individuals have skillful use of language, but limited abilities in other regards.

Williams syndrome

William’s Syndrome is caused by the deletion of several genes from ----

chromosome 7

Learning language is related to a long period of ----- in childhood

dependecy

True or False: the younger language acquisition starts on a second language, the easier it is to pick up.

True

True or false: People who start learning a second language beyond age 12 or so almost never reach the level of a true native speaker.

True

Adults are better at memorizing ---- while children do better at learning ------.

vocabulary; pronunciation and grammar

a condition where there is a severe language impairment

aphasia

A part of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral cortex near the motor cortex. Involved with language production.

Broca’s area

An area of the temporal lobe of the left cerebral cortex near the auditory part of the CC. Involved with language comprehension.

Wernicke’s area

Broca’s aphasia is also referred to as

non-fluent aphasia and motor aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia is also referred to as

fluent aphasia or sensory aphasia

Symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia include

difficulty in comprehending the verbal and written communications of others and anomia

difficulty recalling the names of objects when seeing them

anomia

the inability to read (or write) is a learning disability in conversion between symbols and sounds known as

dyslexia

True or False: Dyslexia is more common in girls than in boys

False

In most people the planum temporale and certain areas are ---- in the left hemisphere, but ----- with the right hemisphere in patients with dyslexia.

larger; equal/bilateral

Because of auditory-processing difficulty, people have trouble connection sounds to symbols

dysphonetic dyslexia

Difficulty in recognizing the spelling of whole word while seeing it (connecting symbols to sounds)

dyseidetic dyslexia

this states that people with dysphonetic dyslexis pay less attention to sounds or have problems with connecting sound to vision

auditory hypothesis

states that people with dyseidetic dyslexia have a problem connecting vision to sound

visual hypothesis

the state or quality of being aware of your surroundings

consciousness

fixing the mind on something specific

attention

failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object

inattention blindness

the belief that the mind and body are different kinds of substance that exist independently

Dualism

a belief that the universe consists of only one substance

Monism

the view that everything that exists is physical or material

materialism

the view that only the mind really exists, and the physical world could only exist if the mind were aware of it

mentalism

the view that mental processes and brain activities are the same thing described in different terms

identity position

True or false: without brain activity, you would not have experiences

true

a brief visual stimulus is preceded and followed by a longer interfering stimulus

masking

in this condition, researchers flashed a word, GROVE, on the screen. it was preceded and followed by blank screens and people were able to identify the word almost 90% of the time.

non-masking condition

in this condition, researchers flashed the word SALTY between two busy, interfering slides. people usually said they saw no word and almost never identified it.

masking condition

the slow and gradual shift of the eye’s perception when two different stimuli are presented to the two eyes

binocular rivalry

if you see one dot in one position with a similar dot nearby, it will seem like there is only one dot, not two, moving back and forth

Phi phenomenon

the change in ---- influences your “attention” to the perception of the event

timing