Anatomy - Unit 1

Ebers Papyrus

earliest anatomical record

Hippocrates

• grandfather of medicine

• basic understanding of musculoskeletal system and some organ functions (kidneys)

• discovered tricuspid valve

• oath that stated that doctors will do no harm

Herophilus

• first to perform systematic dissections

• correctly described many anatomical structures

• accused of performing vivisection on criminals

Galen

• gladiator physician

• Pneuma theory

• beleived in 4 Humors

Leonardo Da Vinci

• series of anatomic drawings

Andreas Vesalius

• founder of modern human anatomy

• corrected Galen

• Fabrica = first anatomically correct textbook

William Harvey

• founder of modern physiology

• first to describe blood circulation

Anatomy

the study of internal and external structures of the body; correclation between structure and function

Anatomical Position

• feet flat

• hands at side

• palms facing forward

Supine

lying down (face up) in anatomical position

Prone

lying down (face down) in anatomical position

Axial

consists of the head, neck, and truck

Appendicular

consists of the limbs (legs and arms)

Sagittal Plane

separates the body into left and right sections

Transverse Plane

separates the body into proximal and distal sections

Coronal Plane

separates the body into anterior and posterior sections

superior

toward the head

inferior

toward the feet

superficial

relative to the surface of the body

anterior (aka ventral)

relative to the front of the body

posterior (aka dorsal)

relative to the back of the body

lateral

away from the midline

medial

toward the midline

proximal

toward an attached base

distal

away from an attached base

Posterior (dorsal) cavity

Contains the cranial and spinal category

Anterior (ventral) cavity

contains the pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity

Surrounds each lung, located in the thoracic cavity

Mediastinum

The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, thymus, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus

Histology

• from the Greek word that means tissue

Functions of epithelial tissue

• provides physical protection (abrasion, dehydration, destruction)

• controls permeability

• provide sensation

• produces sectretions

squamous

flat

cuboidal

cubes

columnar

columns

Extracellular Matrix

the extracellular component of any connective tissue that is made up of protein fibers and the ground substance

functions of connective tissue

support, binding, insulation, storage, transport

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

• long polysaccharides in extracellular matrix

• helps draw water into extracellular matrix by osmosis

  • hyaluronic acid

Proteoglycans

• in the extracellular matrix

• GAG with protein core

• creates a firm or solid environment

Glycoproteins

• cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)

collagen fibers

• in connective tissue

• designed in a way to develop tensile strength

reticular fibers

• in connective tissue

elastic fibers

• in connective tissue

• contain elastin —> provides stretching ability

Loose Connective Proper: Areolar

• location: underneath epithelium

• function: wrap and cushion organs, macrophages phagocytize bacteria, inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

Loose Connective Proper: Adipose

• location: under the hypodermis, in the breasts

• function: provide reserve fuel, insulates, supports and protects organs

Loose Connective Proper: Reticular

• location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen)

• function: support other cells

Dense regular connective tissue

• location: tendons and ligaments

• function: attach muscle to bone or bone to bone

dense irregular connective tissue

• location: dermis, fibrous capsules of joints and organs

• function: withstand tension and provide structural strength

marfan syndrome

• results from defects in the gene that codes fibrillin-1

  • component of ECM that deposits elastic fibers

• Characteristics

  • tall stature with long limbs and fingers

  • skeletal abnormalities, joint dislocations, dilated aorta (possibility of rupture)

blood

• atypical type of connective tissue (due to fluidity)

  • RBC, WBC, and platelets

• fibers are soluble protein that help with clotting

• Function: transport and carry nutrients, wastes, and gases

cartilage

• avascular

• develop from chondroblasts

• gel matrix is made chondroitin sulfate (GAG)

chondrocyte

mature chondroblast

hyaline cartilage

• location: costal cartilage of lungs, ends of long bone, nose

• function: support, cushions, resists compression

elastic cartilage

• location: external ear, epiglottis

• function: retains shape, flexibilty

fibrocartilage

• location: intervertebral disc, disc of knee

• function: tensile strength, shock absorbers

muscle tissue

• responsible for movement

  • skeletal, smooth, cardiac

nervous tissue

found in brain and spinal cord

dendrite

Receives impulse

axon

conducts impluse

cell body

contains nucleus in neurons

Cutaneous membrane

• type of membrane that is aka skin

• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) + thick connective tissue

mucous membrane

• Epithelial sheet + loose areolar CT (lamina propria)

• line body cavities that open to outside (ex: digestive)

  • secrete mucous for lubrication and protection

serous membrane

• thin double layered membrane covering ventral body cavities

• secretes thin serous fluid to reduce friction

Parietal layer

lines cavity walls

visceral layer

covers organs

embryology

studies the development of an embryo from fertilization to the fetal stage

fertilization

when the sperm joins the egg

zygote

• fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes

blastocyst

hollow ball of cells that is fully formed by day 6

throphoblast

• one of the layers in the blastocyst

• forms the placenta

inner cell mass

• one of the layers in the blastocyst

• forms the embryo

ectoderm

outer layer

• forms skin, CNS, PNS, mouth and sinuses

mesoderm

middle layer

• forms muslces, cartilage, bone, connective tissue, subcutaneous tissue

endoderm

inner layer

• forms GI tract, respiratory tract, and bladder

primitive streak

• region where the cells are migrating to form the 3 primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

mesenchyme

• Star-shaped cells surrounded by ground substance and fine filament proteins

• a precursor to all other connective tissues by differentiating into different types of cells (chrondroblasts and osteoblasts)

exocrine glands

secretions in this gland travel through ducts to the epithelial surface

serous glands

• type of exocrine gland

• watery fluid with enzymes

mucous glands

• type of exocrine gland

• secrete glycoprotein called mucins

mixed exocrine glands

• type of exocrine gland

• contains both serous and mucus secretions

endocrine glands

this type of gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream or lymph (has a larger scope of effects)

unicellular glands

secrete mucins (goblet cells)

multicellular exocrine glands

• this type of gland is composed of a ducts and a secretory unit

• can be simple or compound, depending on if there is branching

keratinocyte

• produces keratin in the epidermis

keratin

fibrous protein that hardens over time

melanocytes

produces melanin in the melanosomes

melanin

• pigment that determines skin color based off of how much is produced

• protects cell nucleus from DNA mutation via UV radiation

dendritic cells

type of cell that helps ward off pathogens by engulfing them

• found in the stratum spinosum

markel cells

this type of cell is a mechanoreceptor that works with the nervous system to provide information about the environment

• found in the stratum basale

papillary layer

• layer in the dermis

• made up of areolar connective tissue

• borders the stratum basale of epidermis

reticular layer

• one of the layers in the dermis

• made up of dense irregular connective tissue

  • collagen fibers provide strength to the skin

dermal papillae

• superficial region of the dermis that sends fingerlike projections into the epidermis

• give rise to epidermal ridges

friction ridges

• aka fingerprints

• enhance gripping ability, contribute to sense of touch, unique to every person

hypodermis

layer of skin that is made up of adipose tissue

hair

formed by 3 layers of dead skin: medulla, cortex, and cuticle

hair shaft

visible part of hair

hair root

part of hair that is apart of the epidermis

hair follicle

part of hair that is in the base, made up of epithelial tissue

hair matrix

where the hair is growing from due to the division of epithelial cells

erector pili muscle

a muscle in the skin that when is contracted causes the hair it is attached to to stand up (goosebumps)

nail fold

skin that overlaps the border of the nail