Industrial Revolution TEST

Industrial Revolution

the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s

Enclosure Movement

Wealthy landowners purchasing public land enclosing it with fences or hedges, which increased agricultural efficiently

Results of Enclosure Movement

1. Landowners tried new agricultural methods to increase farming efficiency

2. Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to cities

In the 1700s, the process of enclosure tended to increase?

farming efficiency

Who was Jethro Tull?

He was a scientific farmer that invented the seed drill in 1701

• The seed drill allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths → boosting crop yield

Crop rotation

The practice of seeding fields with different crops each year and allowing a field to sometimes lie fallow

Why did the Industrial Revolution Began in England?

• Had the natural resources for industrialization

• Highly developed banking system

• Businesspeople & people invested in new machinery & expand operations

• Increasing overseas trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress led to increased demand for goods

Industrialization

The process of developing machine production of goods

What are the required resources for industrialization?

• Water power and coal for fuel

• Iron ore for construction, tools, and buildings

• rivers for inland transportation

• harbors for trading/merchants

What are the factors of production?

Land, Labor, Capital

What were the results of the agricultural revolution in Britain?

• Food prices decreased

• Population growth

• The average size of farms increased

What did John Kay invent?

In 1733, he invented a flying shuttle

• boat-shaped piece doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

In 1831 The reaper that boosted wheat production in the United States was invented by?

Cyrus McCormick

In 1837 Which New England painter, first sent electrical signals over a telegraph.

Samuel F. B. Morse,

How did I.M. Singer improved the sewing machine (The Invention)?

He improved the sewing machine by the invention of foot treadle

What did scottish-brown inventor, Alexander Graham Bell patented? Patented - An exclusive right granted for invention

Telephone

what did James Hargreave invent and at what time?

He invented a spinning wheel around 1764, which allowed 1 spinner to work 8 threads at the same time.

What did Richard Arkwright invent?

in 1769, he invented the water frame - used waterpower from rapid streams to power spinning wheels

What did Samuel Crompton do? (Hint: Combination)

He combined features of the spinning jenny & water frame to produce spinning mule - made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier & used waterpower

What was Edmund Cartwright’s invention?

He invented the power loom in 1787 - sped up weaving

Factories

Large buildings where machines (water frame, spinning mule + power loom) were set up

Who invented a machine, known as the cotton gin, that sped up the chore?

In 1793, Eli Whitney

What did James Watt, an mathematical instrument marker at the university of Glasgow in scotland, do?

In 1765, he figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently & burn less fuel.

What is an entrepreneur?

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of a business.

What did Robert Fulton build?

• ordered a steam engine from Boulton & Watt

• built the clermont - made first successful trip in 1807 (hudson river)

How did water transportation improved in England?

Improved through the increations of a network/canals/human-made waterways

Who is credited for the improvement of British roads?

• Mcadam: Equipped road beds w/ a layer of large stones for drainage + on top placed a smooth layer of crushed rock

What did private investors do?

They formed companies that build road + operated for profit

• Roads were called turnpikes because they had to stop to pay tolls before traveling further

What did Richard Trevithick invent?

He is an english engineer that invented the steam-driven locomotive

Who is George Stephenson?

• solid reputation by building 20 engines for mine in northern England.

• In 1821, began work on the world’s first railroad line: run 27 miles from the Yorkshire coal fields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea → opened & have 4 locomotives of his

What were the the major effects to perfecting the locomotive?

• First, railroads spurred industrial growth: manufacturers have cheap way to transport materials

• Second, the railroad boom created lots of new jobs for railroad workers + miners. miners got for iron = track, coal = steam

• Third, the railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries → transport their products far cities.

• travel easier → railroads encouraged country people to take distant city jobs & railroads lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside

Urbanization

city building and the movement of people to cities

What centers did Birmingham and Sheffield become?

Iron-smelting centers

What did Leeds and Manchester dominate in?

Textile Manufacturing

The port of Liverpool and Manchester formed the center of what industry?

Cotton

What were the living conditions?

• no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes

• sickness spread, workers lived in dark, dirty, crowded shelters

What were the working conditions?

• average worker spent 14h/day & 6days/week

• many injuries from machines - dangerous

Who belonged to the middle class?

Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

What happened to the social structure with the new middle class?

• most of wealth → wielded social & political power

• occupied the top position

Luddies

a group of workers that attacked factories and destroyed machinery - thought machines would put them out of work

Positive effects of the industrial revolution

• jobs for workers

• contributed to wealth of nation

• fostered/encourage technological progress & invention

• increased production of goods & standard of living

• provided hope of improvement in peoples life

• healthier diets, better housing, cheaper, mass-produced clothing

• educational opportunities

Long-term effects of industrial revolution

• people today able to afford goods that were considered as ‘luxury’ before

• living & working conditions have improved much more

• profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenue → allow local, state + federal govts to invest in urban improvement & raise standard of living for city ppl

Factory act of 1819

restricted working age and hours for children

Who is Samuel Slater?

• young British mill worker - built spinning machine & partial design

What did Moses Brown open?

opened the first factory in the US to house slaters machine in Pawtucket, Rhode Island → mass produced 1 part of cloth - thread

What did Francis Cabot Lowell & other investors do?

• revolutionized the American textile industry in 1813

• mechanized every stage in manufacture of cloth in Waltham, MA

Stock

certain rights of ownership

Corporation

business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Lancashire carpenter named William Cockerill smuggled into Belgium to build what?

Spinning machinery & his son built industrial enterprise

What is the Ruhr Valley?

Coal-mining region

• built railroads that connected Frankfurt w/ Ruhr Valley

What were the impacts of industrialization?

• shifted balance of power

• widen wealth gap between industrialized & non industrialized countries

• exploiting its oversea colonies for resources (imperialism)

Imperialism

policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands → more power & wealthy to those alr wealthy