Units 1-3 World History

What did Russia not have?

A Renaissance

Russia was what from Western Europe?

isolated

Who expelled Mongol rule and proclaimed himself czar?

Ivan III/ The Great

What did Moscow become the center of?

The Eastern Orthodox Church

What did Russia preserve?

The Byzantine Culture

How did Russia expand?

Through the usage of Cossacks

What were the cossacks?

Russian peasants/soliders

Who crushed the boyars?

Ivan IV/The Terrible

What was the period of civil war after Ivan IV’s death called?

Time of Troubles

Who ended the Time of Troubles

Michael Romanov as czar

What is the Tsar/czar?

A divinely ordained autocratic ruler.

How were merchants regulated in Russia?

Heavily regulated by the czar

What were most peasants?

sefs

What was the East for the West?

the Breadbasket

What dynasty ruled until WWI?

The Romanov dynasty

Who westernized Russia?

Peter the Great

Who built St. Petersburg?

Peter the Great

Who was Enlightened?

Catherine the Great

Catherine the Great did what for Russia?

Expanded Russia west and south to the black sea.

Who took over Constantinople in 1453?

The Ottoman empire

The Ottomans did what to the regions surrounding the Western Mediterranean?

Dominated them

Where did the Ottomans stop their expansion?

Vienna, Austria

What religion were the Ottomans?

Muslim

What religious thing was practiced?

Toleration

What was absent in the Ottoman Empire?

Private Property and hereditary nobility

Who were the Janissaries?

Enslaved Christian boys

What was the Janissarie system called?

The devshirme

Who defended the peasants?

The Sultan

How were woman treated in the Ottoman Empire?

They were subordinates

Increased war with the Safavids lead to what?

Sunni-Shia split (Battle of Chaldrain)

Who took parts of Hungary for the Ottomans?

Suleiman the Magnificent

Where did Suleiman the Magnificent stop the expansion of the Ottomans?

Vienna

What did the Ottomans do until 1922?

Keep Eastern Europe on its toes.

Where was the Mughal Empire located?

India for over 300 years

What are Zamindars?

Indian Princes/Rajas

What did Zamindars do?

Collect Tribute from peasants

What did most Zamindars do with collected tribute?

Embezzle the money

Who Abolished the jizya?

Akbar

What did Akbar create by combining several religions

Sikhism

What did Akbar eliminate that encouraged shopping?

Sati

Akbar monetized what?

The tax system

What did Akbars tax system bypass

Zamindars embezzlement

What happened after Akbars death?

Taj Mahal construction

What did people after Akbar destroy?

Hindu temples

How did they pay for the Taj Mahal?

Pepper sales

What religious thing was not practiced after Akbar

Toleration for other religions

Who arrived and set up trade posts?

The Europeans

How did the Mughals decline?

Ignoring the Europeans

What uprisings declined the Mughals?

Hindu Uprisings

Who defeated the Mongols?

Ming China

What did the Ming sponsor?

Voyages under Zheng He

What happened to the Ming?

Conquered by the Qing

How long was the Qing Dynasty?

1644-1912

What did the Qing maintain?

Ethnic Elite

How did the Qing employ Chinese Officals?

Civil Service Exams

What did the Qing practice?

Confucian rituals

What trade was banned by the Qing?

Catholics and European merchants banned

Trade was still what in the Qing?

Substantial with the Philippines

Japan was in what Shogunate?

Tokugawa Shogunate

What did Japan do with Europe?

Trade

What happened due to Trade with Europe in Japan?

Decline of Feudalism and guns

How long did the Tokugawa Shogunate last

1603-1868

What did the Tokugawa Shogunate do to the social class

A rigid social class

What happened to Japans Trade

They did the National Seclusion Policy

Who was exempt from the Seclusion policy?

The Dutch due to their practice of Kowtow

What happened due to the Seclusion policy?

Culture thrived (haiku and Kabuki)

What type of religion was Islam

Monotheistic

What are the followers of Islam called?

Muslims

Who did Muslims believe in?

Allah

What is the holy book of Islam called?

The Qur’an

Who was the message of Allah transferred through?

Muhammad, the “last prophet”.

Who did Muhammad receive revelations from?

Gabriel

Muhammad was driven out to Yathrib and formed what?

the Umma

When Muhammad returned to Mecca, he destroyed all shrines except for?

The Ka’aba

What is the 1st Pillar in Islam?

Profession in faith

What is the 2nd Pillar in Islam?

Pilgrimage to Mecca

What is the 3rd Pillar in Islam?

Fasting during the month of Ramadan

What is the 4th Pillar in Islam?

Alms giving to the poor

What is the 5th Pillar in Islam?

Prayer 5 times a day

When Muslims pray were do they face?

Towards Mecca

How did Christianity spread?

Trade, missions, tax policies, and conquering

Judaism and Christianity recognize Abraham and Moses as what?

Prophets

Who was nominated caliph?

Ali, Muhammad’s first cousin

Who challenged Ali’s rule?

The Umayyad

When Mu’awiya is the next caliph what does he form?

The Umayyad Dynasty

What do the Sunni believe in?

Any righteous Muslim can be Imam

What do the Shi’ite believe in?

Believe Imam should be related to Ali

What is a Caliph?

Leader of the Caliphates

What type of government was Islam?

Theocracy

How does the Empire and Religion spread initially?

Conquest

How does the Empire and Religion spread later?

Trade/Tax Exemption

Who was taxed in Islam?

Non-Muslims/Jizya

What was the standardized currency in Islam?

Gold and Silver coins with religious phrases

What does Dar Al Islam mean?

House of Islam

Use of what throughout Dar Al Islam brought Saharan West and Sub Saharan Africa into the larger trade network?

Use of Credit and Bills of Sale

What did the Muslims produce for better tools and weapons?

Steel

What did the Production of steel improve?

Camel Saddle and the Astrolabe

What Agricultural Products were spread throughout Dar Al Islam?

Sugar and Citrus

What irrigation technique was spread throughout Dar Al Islam?

Qanats