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What is Fatalism?

The belief that whatever happens is predestined and unavoidable.

According to Aristotle, what are Form and Substance?

Form = specific characteristics within an object; Substance = what things are made of (material).

How does Plato view Form and Substance?

Forms are perfect, eternal, and exist separately; Substance is physical matter, an imperfect copy of Forms.

What do Empiricists believe about knowledge?

All knowledge comes from sensory experience.

What do Rationalists believe about knowledge?

Some knowledge is innate; we learn by reason, not just experience.

Who were the Sophists?

Traveling teachers who taught rhetoric and practical knowledge, skeptical about absolute truth.

What was the Sophists' view on morality?

Right and wrong depend on human perspectives; no universal moral truths.

What do Cynics believe about happiness?

True happiness is independent of material things and accessible to anyone.

Who was the famous Cynic known for living simply and challenging Alexander the Great?

Diogenes.

What is the Stoics' concept of “logos”?

Universal reason connecting all things.

What is Stoic natural law?

Universal, unchanging laws based on reason applying to all humans.

How do Stoics view fate and suffering?

Everything happens according to nature's laws; accept suffering calmly (“stoic calm”).

What is Idealism?

The belief that reality is fundamentally spiritual or mental, not physical.

What is Materialism?

The belief that everything, including thoughts and soul, is made of physical matter.

What is Humanism?

A view focusing on human value, dignity, reason, and moral worth.

What does Pantheism believe?

God is present in all nature; God and the universe are one.

What does Deism teach about God's role?

God created the world but does not intervene supernaturally; reveals Himself only through nature.

What is Dualism?

The belief that mind and body are two distinct substances that interact but exist independently.

Who is the famous dualist philosopher known for “I think, therefore I am”?

René Descartes.

What did Natural Philosophers believe about the origin of everything?

Something has always existed; nature is constantly changing; seek natural explanations.

What basic substance did Thales believe everything came from?

Water.

What was Anaximander’s “boundless” (apeiron)?

An infinite source from which many worlds arise and perish.

According to Anaximenes, what is the basic substance of everything?

Air, which condenses into water, earth, and fire.