WH: Unit 3 Vocab

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Qing Dynasty

Opium Wars, China's last imperial Dynasty, which ruled from 1644-1912 and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. (one of china's longest reigning emperors)

-focused more on internal governmence and cultural development

Emperor Qianlong

Emperor of the Qing dynasty during the time in which China had strict trading laws with the British and who presided over treasury problem after some unsuccessful attempts at expansion

-expanded the empire and maintained its dominance

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Ottoman Empire

An empire developed by Turks between the fourteenth and twentieth centuries. It was succeeded in the 1920s by the present-day Republic of Turkey. At its greatest extent, it included many parts of southeastern Europe and the Middle East.

shah

Persian word for king

safavid empire

The shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in persia between the 16th and 18th centuries

mughal empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Ghazi ideal

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam

castes

jatis, strict social groupings designated at birth

tamerlane

Mongol leader who conquered Persia and Mesopotamia

suleiman (ottoman)

ruled during the pinnacle of Turkish power and almost succeeded in driving into the heart of the Christian Empire, A sultan who ruled in the 1500's. He was enthusiastic about architecture and built many schools and mosques.

Ismail (Safavid)

founded the Safavids, shiite faith, caused rebellion among the ottomans

Shah Abbas I (Safavid)

Also known as Abbas the Great, took the throne in 1587 and helped create the Safavid culture

-worked on military and enslaved armies

Akbar (Mughal)

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

-expanded/ centralized the empire

-3rd

divine king of rights

-a common claim form the middle ages that the right to rule was given to a king by god

English Bill of rights

1698 strengthened Parliament and guaranteed individual rights

absolute monarchy

system of government in which the monarch has unlimited power over the government

-one source of power

Louis XIV

French king who personified absolute monarchy. "I am the state"

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917

Peter I

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Devshirme

system to revruit bureaucrats ane elite warriors called Janissaries

edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

defeated rivals and proclaimed Shogun in 1603

centralized a state our of edo

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences

Askia the Great

Muslim ruler who led Songhai to the height of its power

- seized large territories from the Mali empire, making the Songhai empire of western Africa large and powerful, an emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire

shah jahan

Mughal ruler who built Taj Mahal for his wife

tax farmers

Intendants who oversaw the collection of various taxes in support of the royal governments.

tributes

wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior/ a sign of respect

Zamindars

gov bureaucrats recruited from diverse backgrounds that gor taxes

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

boyars

the noble landowning class in russian who stood at the top of the social pyramid

serfdom

Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

Spanish Armada

Philip II's powerful naval force sent to attack England; its defeat greatly hindered Spain's ability to impose Catholicism on Western Europe.

Peace of Ausburg

Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran

• the religious resolution to a conflict started in 1517 by Martin Luther's 95 Theses

Thirty Year's War

1618-1648 Catholic vs. Protestant

Catholicism

The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church.

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Inquisition

a period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

95 theses

formal statements written by Martin Luther attacking the "pardon-merchants". On October 31, 1517 Luther posted these statements on the door of a castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate them. This began the Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

-related to the church of england

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Shariah

Islamic law

Sikhism

emerged in 15th century and attracted Muslims and hindus; later persecuted

Empiricism

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

-the collection of data to back up a hypothesis

tax farming

To generate money for territorial expansion rulers used new methods to get money like Tribute systems and _____ _____. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Ivan IV

• first Russian monarch to be crowned as tsar