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Aquifer
Pore spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment underneath the soil that stores groundwater.
Unconfined aquifer
porous rock covered by soil.
Confined aquifer
surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay, which impedes water flow to or from the aquifer.
Water table
the uppermost layer at which the groundwater in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil.
Groundwater recharge
the process by which water from precipitation percolates through the soil into groundwater.
Springs
water that naturally percolates to the surface.
Artesian well
a well created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer.
Water footprint
Total daily per capita use of fresh water for a country or the world.
Furrow irrigation
A form of irrigation where the farmer digs trenches, or furrows, along the crop rows and fills them with water.
Flood irrigation
A form of irrigation where an entire field is flooded with water.
Spray irrigation
A form of irrigation where water is pumped into an apparatus that contains a series of spray nozzles.
Drip irrigation
A form of irrigation where a slowly dripping hose on the ground or buried beneath the soil delivers water directly to the plant roots.
Cone of depression
An area surrounding a well that does not contain groundwater.
Fungicides
A pesticide that specifically targets fungi.
Rodenticides
A pesticide that specifically targets rodents.
Persistent pesticides
Pesticides that remain in the environment for years to decades.
Nonpersistent pesticides
Pesticides that break down relatively rapidly, usually in weeks to months, and have fewer long-term effects but because they must be applied more often their overall environmental impact is not always lower than that of persistent pesticides.
Integrated pest management
An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques to minimize pesticide inputs.
Pesticide resistance
A trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive.
